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// SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
pragma solidity 0.8.21;

import { Whitelist } from "./Whitelist.sol";
import { SpotOracle } from "./oracles/spot/SpotOracle.sol";
import { RewardToken } from "./token/RewardToken.sol";
import { InterestRate } from "./InterestRate.sol";
import { WadRayMath, RAY } from "./libraries/math/WadRayMath.sol";

import { IERC20 } from "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/IERC20.sol";
import { SafeERC20 } from "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/utils/SafeERC20.sol";

import { SafeCast } from "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/math/SafeCast.sol";
import { EnumerableSet } from "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/structs/EnumerableSet.sol";
import { Math } from "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/math/Math.sol";
import { PausableUpgradeable } from "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/utils/PausableUpgradeable.sol";

/**
 * @notice `IonPool` is the central contract of the Ion Protocol system. All
 * other contracts in the system revolve around it. Directly interacting with
 * `IonPool` may be unintuitive and it is recommended to interface with the
 * protocol through Handler contracts for a more UX-friendly experience.
 *
 * @custom:security-contact [email protected]
 */
contract IonPool is PausableUpgradeable, RewardToken {
    using SafeERC20 for IERC20;
    using SafeCast for *;
    using WadRayMath for *;
    using Math for uint256;
    using EnumerableSet for EnumerableSet.AddressSet;

    // --- Errors ---
    error CeilingExceeded(uint256 newDebt, uint256 debtCeiling);
    error UnsafePositionChange(uint256 newTotalDebtInVault, uint256 collateral, uint256 spot);
    error UnsafePositionChangeWithoutConsent(uint8 ilkIndex, address user, address unconsentedOperator);
    error GemTransferWithoutConsent(uint8 ilkIndex, address user, address unconsentedOperator);
    error UseOfCollateralWithoutConsent(uint8 ilkIndex, address depositor, address unconsentedOperator);
    error TakingWethWithoutConsent(address payer, address unconsentedOperator);
    error VaultCannotBeDusty(uint256 amountLeft, uint256 dust);
    error ArithmeticError();
    error IlkAlreadyAdded(address ilkAddress);
    error IlkNotInitialized(uint256 ilkIndex);
    error DepositSurpassesSupplyCap(uint256 depositAmount, uint256 supplyCap);
    error MaxIlksReached();

    error InvalidIlkAddress();
    error InvalidInterestRateModule(InterestRate invalidInterestRateModule);
    error InvalidWhitelist();

    // --- Events ---
    event IlkInitialized(uint8 indexed ilkIndex, address indexed ilkAddress);
    event IlkSpotUpdated(uint8 indexed ilkIndex, address newSpot);
    event IlkDebtCeilingUpdated(uint8 indexed ilkIndex, uint256 newDebtCeiling);
    event IlkDustUpdated(uint8 indexed ilkIndex, uint256 newDust);
    event SupplyCapUpdated(uint256 newSupplyCap);
    event InterestRateModuleUpdated(address newModule);
    event WhitelistUpdated(address newWhitelist);

    event AddOperator(address indexed user, address indexed operator);
    event RemoveOperator(address indexed user, address indexed operator);
    event MintAndBurnGem(uint8 indexed ilkIndex, address indexed usr, int256 wad);
    event TransferGem(uint8 indexed ilkIndex, address indexed src, address indexed dst, uint256 wad);

    event Supply(
        address indexed user, address indexed underlyingFrom, uint256 amount, uint256 supplyFactor, uint256 newDebt
    );

    event Withdraw(address indexed user, address indexed target, uint256 amount, uint256 supplyFactor, uint256 newDebt);

    event WithdrawCollateral(uint8 indexed ilkIndex, address indexed user, address indexed recipient, uint256 amount);
    event DepositCollateral(uint8 indexed ilkIndex, address indexed user, address indexed depositor, uint256 amount);
    event Borrow(
        uint8 indexed ilkIndex,
        address indexed user,
        address indexed recipient,
        uint256 amountOfNormalizedDebt,
        uint256 ilkRate,
        uint256 totalDebt
    );
    event Repay(
        uint8 indexed ilkIndex,
        address indexed user,
        address indexed payer,
        uint256 amountOfNormalizedDebt,
        uint256 ilkRate,
        uint256 totalDebt
    );

    event RepayBadDebt(address indexed user, address indexed payer, uint256 rad);
    event ConfiscateVault(
        uint8 indexed ilkIndex,
        address indexed u,
        address v,
        address indexed w,
        int256 changeInCollateral,
        int256 changeInNormalizedDebt
    );

    bytes32 public constant GEM_JOIN_ROLE = keccak256("GEM_JOIN_ROLE");
    bytes32 public constant LIQUIDATOR_ROLE = keccak256("LIQUIDATOR_ROLE");
    bytes32 public constant PAUSE_ROLE = keccak256("PAUSE_ROLE");

    address private immutable ADDRESS_THIS = address(this);

    // --- Modifiers ---
    modifier onlyWhitelistedBorrowers(uint8 ilkIndex, address user, bytes32[] memory proof) {
        IonPoolStorage storage $ = _getIonPoolStorage();
        $.whitelist.isWhitelistedBorrower(ilkIndex, _msgSender(), user, proof);
        _;
    }

    modifier onlyWhitelistedLenders(address user, bytes32[] memory proof) {
        IonPoolStorage storage $ = _getIonPoolStorage();
        $.whitelist.isWhitelistedLender(_msgSender(), user, proof);
        _;
    }

    // --- Data ---
    struct Ilk {
        uint104 totalNormalizedDebt; // Total Normalised Debt     [WAD]
        uint104 rate; // Accumulated Rates         [RAY]
        uint48 lastRateUpdate; // block.timestamp of last update; overflows in 800_000 years
        SpotOracle spot; // Oracle that provides price with safety margin
        uint256 debtCeiling; // Debt Ceiling              [RAD]
        uint256 dust; // Vault Debt Floor            [RAD]
    }

    struct Vault {
        uint256 collateral; // Locked Collateral  [WAD]
        uint256 normalizedDebt; // Normalised Debt    [WAD]
    }

    /// @custom:storage-location erc7201:ion.storage.IonPool
    struct IonPoolStorage {
        Ilk[] ilks;
        // remove() should never be called, it will mess up the ordering
        EnumerableSet.AddressSet ilkAddresses;
        mapping(uint256 ilkIndex => mapping(address user => Vault)) vaults;
        mapping(uint256 ilkIndex => mapping(address user => uint256)) gem; // [WAD]
        mapping(address unbackedDebtor => uint256) unbackedDebt; // [RAD]
        mapping(address user => mapping(address operator => uint256)) isOperator;
        uint256 debt; // Total Debt [RAD]
        uint256 liquidity; // liquidity in pool [WAD]
        uint256 supplyCap; // [WAD]
        uint256 totalUnbackedDebt; // Total Unbacked Underlying  [RAD]
        InterestRate interestRateModule;
        Whitelist whitelist;
    }

    // keccak256(abi.encode(uint256(keccak256("ion.storage.IonPool")) - 1)) & ~bytes32(uint256(0xff))
    // solhint-disable-next-line
    bytes32 private constant IonPoolStorageLocation = 0xceba3d526b4d5afd91d1b752bf1fd37917c20a6daf576bcb41dd1c57c1f67e00;

    function _getIonPoolStorage() internal pure returns (IonPoolStorage storage $) {
        assembly {
            $.slot := IonPoolStorageLocation
        }
    }

    constructor() {
        _disableInitializers();
    }

    function initialize(
        address _underlying,
        address _treasury,
        uint8 decimals_,
        string memory name_,
        string memory symbol_,
        address initialDefaultAdmin,
        InterestRate _interestRateModule,
        Whitelist _whitelist
    )
        external
        initializer
    {
        __AccessControlDefaultAdminRules_init(0, initialDefaultAdmin);
        RewardToken._initialize(_underlying, _treasury, decimals_, name_, symbol_);

        _grantRole(ION, initialDefaultAdmin);

        IonPoolStorage storage $ = _getIonPoolStorage();

        $.interestRateModule = _interestRateModule;
        $.whitelist = _whitelist;

        emit InterestRateModuleUpdated(address(_interestRateModule));
        emit WhitelistUpdated(address(_whitelist));
    }

    // --- Administration ---

    /**
     * @notice Initializes a market with a new collateral type.
     * @dev This function and the entire protocol as a whole operates under the
     * assumption that there will never be more than 256 collaterals.
     * @param ilkAddress address of the ERC-20 collateral.
     */
    function initializeIlk(address ilkAddress) external onlyRole(ION) {
        IonPoolStorage storage $ = _getIonPoolStorage();

        if (ilkAddress == address(0)) revert InvalidIlkAddress();
        if (!$.ilkAddresses.add(ilkAddress)) revert IlkAlreadyAdded(ilkAddress);

        uint256 ilksLength = $.ilks.length;

        // Explicitly enforce the max number of collaterals
        if (ilksLength >= uint256(type(uint8).max) + 1) revert MaxIlksReached();

        // Unsafe cast OK since we don't plan on having more than 256
        // collaterals
        uint8 ilkIndex = uint8(ilksLength);
        Ilk memory newIlk;
        $.ilks.push(newIlk);
        Ilk storage ilk = $.ilks[ilkIndex];

        ilk.rate = uint104(RAY);
        // Unsafe cast OK
        ilk.lastRateUpdate = uint48(block.timestamp);

        emit IlkInitialized(ilkIndex, ilkAddress);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Updates the spot oracle for a given collateral.
     * @param ilkIndex index of the collateral.
     * @param newSpot address of the new spot oracle.
     */
    function updateIlkSpot(uint8 ilkIndex, SpotOracle newSpot) external onlyRole(ION) {
        IonPoolStorage storage $ = _getIonPoolStorage();

        $.ilks[ilkIndex].spot = newSpot;

        emit IlkSpotUpdated(ilkIndex, address(newSpot));
    }

    /**
     * @notice A market can be sunset by setting the debt ceiling to 0. It would
     * still be possible to repay debt but creating new debt would not be
     * possible.
     * @dev Updates the debt ceiling for a given collateral.
     * @param ilkIndex index of the collateral.
     * @param newCeiling new debt ceiling.
     */
    function updateIlkDebtCeiling(uint8 ilkIndex, uint256 newCeiling) external onlyRole(ION) {
        IonPoolStorage storage $ = _getIonPoolStorage();

        $.ilks[ilkIndex].debtCeiling = newCeiling;

        emit IlkDebtCeilingUpdated(ilkIndex, newCeiling);
    }

    /**
     * @notice When increasing the `dust`, it is possible that some vaults will
     * be dusty after the update. However, changes to the vault position from
     * there will require that the vault be non-dusty (either by repaying all
     * debt or increasing debt beyond the `dust`).
     * @dev Updates the dust amount for a given collateral.
     * @param ilkIndex index of the collateral.
     * @param newDust new dust
     */
    function updateIlkDust(uint8 ilkIndex, uint256 newDust) external onlyRole(ION) {
        IonPoolStorage storage $ = _getIonPoolStorage();

        $.ilks[ilkIndex].dust = newDust;

        emit IlkDustUpdated(ilkIndex, newDust);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Reducing the supply cap will not affect existing deposits.
     * However, if it is below the `totalSupply`, then no new deposits will be
     * allowed until the `totalSupply` is below the new `supplyCap`.
     * @dev Updates the supply cap.
     * @param newSupplyCap new supply cap.
     */
    function updateSupplyCap(uint256 newSupplyCap) external onlyRole(ION) {
        IonPoolStorage storage $ = _getIonPoolStorage();

        $.supplyCap = newSupplyCap;

        emit SupplyCapUpdated(newSupplyCap);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Updates the interest rate module. There is a check to ensure that
     * `collateralCount()` on the new interest rate module match the current
     * number of collaterals in the pool.
     * @param _interestRateModule new interest rate module.
     */
    function updateInterestRateModule(InterestRate _interestRateModule) external onlyRole(ION) {
        if (address(_interestRateModule) == address(0)) revert InvalidInterestRateModule(_interestRateModule);

        IonPoolStorage storage $ = _getIonPoolStorage();

        // Sanity check
        if (_interestRateModule.COLLATERAL_COUNT() != $.ilks.length) {
            revert InvalidInterestRateModule(_interestRateModule);
        }
        $.interestRateModule = _interestRateModule;

        emit InterestRateModuleUpdated(address(_interestRateModule));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Updates the whitelist.
     * @param _whitelist new whitelist address.
     */
    function updateWhitelist(Whitelist _whitelist) external onlyRole(ION) {
        if (address(_whitelist) == address(0)) revert InvalidWhitelist();

        IonPoolStorage storage $ = _getIonPoolStorage();

        $.whitelist = _whitelist;

        emit WhitelistUpdated(address(_whitelist));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Pause actions but accrue interest as well.
     *
     * Under certain protocol conditions, we want to be able to pause the
     * protocol automatically through monitoring systems. So we want to be able
     * to grant the PAUSE_ROLE to those private keys. In the case of a
     * compromised private key, we can revoke the PAUSE_ROLE from that private
     * key and grant it to a new private key. Unpausing will remain a multisig
     * operation.
     */
    function pause() external onlyRole(PAUSE_ROLE) {
        _accrueInterest();
        _pause();
    }

    /**
     * @dev Unpause actions but this will also update the `lastRateUpdate` to
     * the unpause transaction timestamp. This essentially allows for a pausing
     * and unpausing of the accrual of interest.
     */
    function unpause() external onlyRole(ION) {
        _unpause();
        IonPoolStorage storage $ = _getIonPoolStorage();

        uint256 ilksLength = $.ilks.length;
        for (uint256 i = 0; i < ilksLength;) {
            // Unsafe cast OK
            $.ilks[i].lastRateUpdate = uint48(block.timestamp);

            // forgefmt: disable-next-line
            unchecked { ++i; }
        }
    }

    // --- Interest Calculations ---

    /**
     * @dev Updates accumulators for all `ilk`s based on current interest rates.
     * @return newTotalDebt the new total debt after interest accrual
     */
    function accrueInterest() external whenNotPaused returns (uint256 newTotalDebt) {
        return _accrueInterest();
    }

    function _accrueInterest() internal returns (uint256 newTotalDebt) {
        IonPoolStorage storage $ = _getIonPoolStorage();

        uint256 totalEthSupply = totalSupplyUnaccrued();

        uint256 totalSupplyFactorIncrease;
        uint256 totalTreasuryMintAmount;
        uint256 totalDebtIncrease;

        uint256 ilksLength = $.ilks.length;
        for (uint8 i = 0; i < ilksLength;) {
            (
                uint256 supplyFactorIncrease,
                uint256 treasuryMintAmount,
                uint104 newRateIncrease,
                uint256 newDebtIncrease,
                uint48 timestampIncrease
            ) = _calculateRewardAndDebtDistributionForIlk(i, totalEthSupply);

            if (timestampIncrease > 0) {
                Ilk storage ilk = $.ilks[i];
                ilk.rate += newRateIncrease;
                ilk.lastRateUpdate += timestampIncrease;
                totalDebtIncrease += newDebtIncrease;

                totalSupplyFactorIncrease += supplyFactorIncrease;
                totalTreasuryMintAmount += treasuryMintAmount;
            }

            // forgefmt: disable-next-line
            unchecked { ++i; }
        }

        newTotalDebt = $.debt + totalDebtIncrease;
        $.debt = newTotalDebt;
        _setSupplyFactor(supplyFactorUnaccrued() + totalSupplyFactorIncrease);
        _mintToTreasury(totalTreasuryMintAmount);
    }

    function calculateRewardAndDebtDistribution()
        public
        view
        override
        returns (
            uint256 totalSupplyFactorIncrease,
            uint256 totalTreasuryMintAmount,
            uint104[] memory rateIncreases,
            uint256 totalDebtIncrease,
            uint48[] memory timestampIncreases
        )
    {
        IonPoolStorage storage $ = _getIonPoolStorage();

        uint256 ilksLength = $.ilks.length;

        rateIncreases = new uint104[](ilksLength);
        timestampIncreases = new uint48[](ilksLength);

        uint256 totalEthSupply = totalSupplyUnaccrued();

        for (uint8 i = 0; i < ilksLength;) {
            (
                uint256 supplyFactorIncrease,
                uint256 treasuryMintAmount,
                uint104 newRateIncrease,
                uint256 newDebtIncrease,
                uint48 timestampIncrease
            ) = _calculateRewardAndDebtDistributionForIlk(i, totalEthSupply);

            if (timestampIncrease > 0) {
                rateIncreases[i] = newRateIncrease;
                timestampIncreases[i] = timestampIncrease;
                totalDebtIncrease += newDebtIncrease;

                totalSupplyFactorIncrease += supplyFactorIncrease;
                totalTreasuryMintAmount += treasuryMintAmount;
            }

            // forgefmt: disable-next-line
            unchecked { ++i; }
        }
    }

    /**
     * @notice This is primarily for simulation purposes to see how an
     * individual ilk's state will change after an accrual.
     * @param ilkIndex index of the collateral.
     * @return newRateIncrease the rate increase for the ilk.
     * @return timestampIncrease the timestamp increase for the ilk.
     */
    function calculateRewardAndDebtDistributionForIlk(uint8 ilkIndex)
        public
        view
        returns (uint104 newRateIncrease, uint48 timestampIncrease)
    {
        (,, newRateIncrease,, timestampIncrease) =
            _calculateRewardAndDebtDistributionForIlk(ilkIndex, totalSupplyUnaccrued());
    }

    function _calculateRewardAndDebtDistributionForIlk(
        uint8 ilkIndex,
        uint256 totalEthSupply
    )
        internal
        view
        returns (
            uint256 supplyFactorIncrease,
            uint256 treasuryMintAmount,
            uint104 newRateIncrease,
            uint256 newDebtIncrease,
            uint48 timestampIncrease
        )
    {
        IonPoolStorage storage $ = _getIonPoolStorage();
        Ilk storage ilk = $.ilks[ilkIndex];

        uint256 _totalNormalizedDebt = ilk.totalNormalizedDebt;
        // Because all interest that would have accrued during a pause is
        // cancelled upon `unpause`, we return zero interest while markets are
        // paused.
        if (_totalNormalizedDebt == 0 || block.timestamp == ilk.lastRateUpdate || paused()) {
            // Unsafe cast OK
            // block.timestamp - ilk.lastRateUpdate will almost always be 0
            // here. The exception is on first borrow.
            return (0, 0, 0, 0, uint48(block.timestamp - ilk.lastRateUpdate));
        }

        uint256 totalDebt = _totalNormalizedDebt * ilk.rate; // [WAD] * [RAY] = [RAD]

        (uint256 borrowRate, uint256 reserveFactor) =
            $.interestRateModule.calculateInterestRate(ilkIndex, totalDebt, totalEthSupply);

        // Unsafe cast OK
        timestampIncrease = uint48(block.timestamp) - ilk.lastRateUpdate;

        if (borrowRate == 0) return (0, 0, 0, 0, timestampIncrease);

        // Calculates borrowRate ^ (time) and returns the result with RAY precision
        uint256 borrowRateExpT = _rpow(borrowRate + RAY, timestampIncrease, RAY);

        // Debt distribution
        // This form of rate accrual is much safer than distributing the new
        // debt increase to the total debt since low debt amounts won't cause
        // rounding errors to sky rocket the rate. This form of accrual is still
        // subject to rate inflation, however, it would only be from an
        // extremely high borrow rate rather than being a function of the
        // current total debt in the system. This is very relevant for
        // sunsetting markets, where the goal will be to reduce the total debt
        // to 0.
        newRateIncrease = ilk.rate.rayMulUp(borrowRateExpT - RAY).toUint104(); // [RAY]

        newDebtIncrease = _totalNormalizedDebt * newRateIncrease; // [RAD]

        // Income distribution
        uint256 _normalizedTotalSupply = normalizedTotalSupplyUnaccrued(); // [WAD]

        // If there is no supply, then nothing is being lent out.
        supplyFactorIncrease = _normalizedTotalSupply == 0
            ? 0
            : newDebtIncrease.mulDiv(RAY - reserveFactor, _normalizedTotalSupply.scaleUpToRad(18)); // [RAD] * [RAY] / [RAD]
            // = [RAY]

        treasuryMintAmount = newDebtIncrease.mulDiv(reserveFactor, 1e54); // [RAD] * [RAY] / 1e54 = [WAD]
    }

    // --- Lender Operations ---

    /**
     * @dev Allows lenders to redeem their interest-bearing position for the
     * underlying asset. It is possible that dust amounts more of the position
     * are burned than the underlying received due to rounding.
     * @param receiverOfUnderlying the address to which the redeemed underlying
     * asset should be sent to.
     * @param amount of underlying to reedeem for.
     */
    function withdraw(address receiverOfUnderlying, uint256 amount) external whenNotPaused {
        uint256 newTotalDebt = _accrueInterest();
        IonPoolStorage storage $ = _getIonPoolStorage();

        $.liquidity -= amount;

        uint256 _supplyFactor =
            _burn({ user: _msgSender(), receiverOfUnderlying: receiverOfUnderlying, amount: amount });

        emit Withdraw(_msgSender(), receiverOfUnderlying, amount, _supplyFactor, newTotalDebt);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Allows lenders to deposit their underlying asset into the pool and
     * earn interest on it.
     * @param user the address to receive credit for the position.
     * @param amount of underlying asset to use to create the position.
     * @param proof merkle proof that the user is whitelisted.
     */
    function supply(
        address user,
        uint256 amount,
        bytes32[] calldata proof
    )
        external
        whenNotPaused
        onlyWhitelistedLenders(user, proof)
    {
        uint256 newTotalDebt = _accrueInterest();
        IonPoolStorage storage $ = _getIonPoolStorage();

        $.liquidity += amount;

        uint256 _supplyFactor = _mint({ user: user, senderOfUnderlying: _msgSender(), amount: amount });

        uint256 _supplyCap = $.supplyCap;

        if (totalSupply() > _supplyCap) revert DepositSurpassesSupplyCap(amount, _supplyCap);

        emit Supply(user, _msgSender(), amount, _supplyFactor, newTotalDebt);
    }

    // --- Borrower Operations ---

    /**
     * @dev Allows a borrower to create debt in a position.
     * @param ilkIndex index of the collateral.
     * @param user to create the position for.
     * @param recipient to receive the borrowed funds
     * @param amountOfNormalizedDebt to create.
     * @param proof merkle proof that the user is whitelist.
     */
    function borrow(
        uint8 ilkIndex,
        address user,
        address recipient,
        uint256 amountOfNormalizedDebt,
        bytes32[] memory proof
    )
        external
        whenNotPaused
        onlyWhitelistedBorrowers(ilkIndex, user, proof)
    {
        _accrueInterest();
        (uint104 ilkRate, uint256 newDebt) =
            _modifyPosition(ilkIndex, user, address(0), recipient, 0, amountOfNormalizedDebt.toInt256());

        emit Borrow(ilkIndex, user, recipient, amountOfNormalizedDebt, ilkRate, newDebt);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Allows a borrower to repay debt in a position.
     * @param ilkIndex index of the collateral.
     * @param user to repay the debt for.
     * @param payer to source the funds from.
     * @param amountOfNormalizedDebt to repay.
     */
    function repay(
        uint8 ilkIndex,
        address user,
        address payer,
        uint256 amountOfNormalizedDebt
    )
        external
        whenNotPaused
    {
        _accrueInterest();
        (uint104 ilkRate, uint256 newDebt) =
            _modifyPosition(ilkIndex, user, address(0), payer, 0, -(amountOfNormalizedDebt.toInt256()));

        emit Repay(ilkIndex, user, payer, amountOfNormalizedDebt, ilkRate, newDebt);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Moves collateral from internal `vault.collateral` balances to `gem`
     * @param ilkIndex index of the collateral.
     * @param user to withdraw the collateral for.
     * @param recipient to receive the collateral.
     * @param amount to withdraw.
     */
    function withdrawCollateral(
        uint8 ilkIndex,
        address user,
        address recipient,
        uint256 amount
    )
        external
        whenNotPaused
    {
        _accrueInterest();
        _modifyPosition(ilkIndex, user, recipient, address(0), -(amount.toInt256()), 0);

        emit WithdrawCollateral(ilkIndex, user, recipient, amount);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Moves collateral from `gem` balances to internal `vault.collateral`
     * @param ilkIndex index of the collateral.
     * @param user to deposit the collateral for.
     * @param depositor to deposit the collateral from.
     * @param amount to deposit.
     * @param proof merkle proof that the user is whitelisted.
     */
    function depositCollateral(
        uint8 ilkIndex,
        address user,
        address depositor,
        uint256 amount,
        bytes32[] calldata proof
    )
        external
        whenNotPaused
        onlyWhitelistedBorrowers(ilkIndex, user, proof)
    {
        _accrueInterest();
        _modifyPosition(ilkIndex, user, depositor, address(0), amount.toInt256(), 0);

        emit DepositCollateral(ilkIndex, user, depositor, amount);
    }

    // --- CDP Manipulation ---

    function _modifyPosition(
        uint8 ilkIndex,
        address u,
        address v,
        address w,
        int256 changeInCollateral,
        int256 changeInNormalizedDebt
    )
        internal
        returns (uint104 ilkRate, uint256 newTotalDebt)
    {
        IonPoolStorage storage $ = _getIonPoolStorage();

        ilkRate = $.ilks[ilkIndex].rate;
        // ilk has been initialised
        if (ilkRate == 0) revert IlkNotInitialized(ilkIndex);

        Vault memory _vault = $.vaults[ilkIndex][u];
        _vault.collateral = _add(_vault.collateral, changeInCollateral);
        _vault.normalizedDebt = _add(_vault.normalizedDebt, changeInNormalizedDebt);

        uint104 _totalNormalizedDebt = _add($.ilks[ilkIndex].totalNormalizedDebt, changeInNormalizedDebt).toUint104();

        // Prevent stack too deep
        {
            uint256 newTotalDebtInVault = ilkRate * _vault.normalizedDebt;
            // either debt has decreased, or debt ceilings are not exceeded
            if (
                both(
                    changeInNormalizedDebt > 0,
                    uint256(_totalNormalizedDebt) * uint256(ilkRate) > $.ilks[ilkIndex].debtCeiling
                )
            ) {
                revert CeilingExceeded(uint256(_totalNormalizedDebt) * uint256(ilkRate), $.ilks[ilkIndex].debtCeiling);
            }
            uint256 ilkSpot = $.ilks[ilkIndex].spot.getSpot();
            // vault is either less risky than before, or it is safe
            if (
                both(
                    either(changeInNormalizedDebt > 0, changeInCollateral < 0),
                    newTotalDebtInVault > _vault.collateral * ilkSpot
                )
            ) revert UnsafePositionChange(newTotalDebtInVault, _vault.collateral, ilkSpot);

            // vault is either more safe, or the owner consents
            if (both(either(changeInNormalizedDebt > 0, changeInCollateral < 0), !isAllowed(u, _msgSender()))) {
                revert UnsafePositionChangeWithoutConsent(ilkIndex, u, _msgSender());
            }

            // collateral src consents
            if (both(changeInCollateral > 0, !isAllowed(v, _msgSender()))) {
                revert UseOfCollateralWithoutConsent(ilkIndex, v, _msgSender());
            }
            // debt dst consents
            // Since changeInDebt is no longer being deducted in the form of
            // internal accounting but rather directly in the erc20 WETH form, this
            // contract must also have an approved role for the debt dst address on
            // th erc20 WETH contract. Or else, the transfer will fail.
            if (both(changeInNormalizedDebt < 0, !isAllowed(w, _msgSender()))) {
                revert TakingWethWithoutConsent(w, _msgSender());
            }

            // vault has no debt, or a non-dusty amount
            if (both(_vault.normalizedDebt != 0, newTotalDebtInVault < $.ilks[ilkIndex].dust)) {
                revert VaultCannotBeDusty(newTotalDebtInVault, $.ilks[ilkIndex].dust);
            }
        }

        int256 changeInDebt = ilkRate.toInt256() * changeInNormalizedDebt;

        $.gem[ilkIndex][v] = _sub($.gem[ilkIndex][v], changeInCollateral);
        $.vaults[ilkIndex][u] = _vault;
        $.ilks[ilkIndex].totalNormalizedDebt = _totalNormalizedDebt;
        newTotalDebt = _add($.debt, changeInDebt);
        $.debt = newTotalDebt;

        // If changeInDebt < 0, it is a repayment and WETH is being transferred
        // into the protocol
        _transferWeth(w, changeInDebt);
    }

    // --- Settlement ---

    /**
     * @dev To be used by protocol to settle bad debt using reserves
     * NOTE: Can pay another user's bad debt with the sender's asset
     * @param user the address that owns the bad debt being paid off
     * @param rad amount of debt to be repaid (45 decimals)
     */
    function repayBadDebt(address user, uint256 rad) external whenNotPaused {
        IonPoolStorage storage $ = _getIonPoolStorage();

        $.unbackedDebt[user] -= rad;
        $.totalUnbackedDebt -= rad;
        $.debt -= rad;

        // Must be negative since it is a repayment
        _transferWeth(_msgSender(), -(rad.toInt256()));

        emit RepayBadDebt(user, _msgSender(), rad);
    }

    // --- Helpers ---

    /**
     * @dev Helper function to deal with borrowing and repaying debt. A positive
     * amount is a borrow while negative amount is a repayment
     * @param user receiver if transfer to, or sender if transfer from
     * @param amount amount to transfer [RAD]
     */
    function _transferWeth(address user, int256 amount) internal {
        if (amount == 0) return;
        IonPoolStorage storage $ = _getIonPoolStorage();

        if (amount < 0) {
            uint256 amountUint = uint256(-amount);
            uint256 amountWad = amountUint / RAY;
            if (amountUint % RAY > 0) ++amountWad;

            $.liquidity += amountWad;
            underlying().safeTransferFrom(user, address(this), amountWad);
        } else {
            // Round down in protocol's favor
            uint256 amountWad = uint256(amount) / RAY;

            $.liquidity -= amountWad;

            underlying().safeTransfer(user, amountWad);
        }
    }

    // --- CDP Confiscation ---

    /**
     * @dev This function foregoes pausability for pausability at the
     * liquidation module layer
     * @param ilkIndex index of the collateral.
     * @param u user to confiscate the vault from.
     * @param v address to either credit `gem` to or deduct `gem` from
     * @param changeInCollateral collateral to add or remove from the vault
     * @param changeInNormalizedDebt debt to add or remove from the vault
     */
    function confiscateVault(
        uint8 ilkIndex,
        address u,
        address v,
        address w,
        int256 changeInCollateral,
        int256 changeInNormalizedDebt
    )
        external
        whenNotPaused
        onlyRole(LIQUIDATOR_ROLE)
    {
        _accrueInterest();

        IonPoolStorage storage $ = _getIonPoolStorage();

        Vault storage _vault = $.vaults[ilkIndex][u];
        Ilk storage ilk = $.ilks[ilkIndex];
        uint104 ilkRate = ilk.rate;

        _vault.collateral = _add(_vault.collateral, changeInCollateral);
        _vault.normalizedDebt = _add(_vault.normalizedDebt, changeInNormalizedDebt);
        ilk.totalNormalizedDebt = _add(uint256(ilk.totalNormalizedDebt), changeInNormalizedDebt).toUint104();

        // Unsafe cast OK since we know that ilkRate is less than 2^104
        int256 changeInDebt = int256(uint256(ilkRate)) * changeInNormalizedDebt;

        $.gem[ilkIndex][v] = _sub($.gem[ilkIndex][v], changeInCollateral);
        $.unbackedDebt[w] = _sub($.unbackedDebt[w], changeInDebt);
        $.totalUnbackedDebt = _sub($.totalUnbackedDebt, changeInDebt);

        emit ConfiscateVault(ilkIndex, u, v, w, changeInCollateral, changeInNormalizedDebt);
    }

    // --- Fungibility ---

    /**
     * @dev To be called by GemJoin contracts. After a user deposits collateral, credit the user with collateral
     * internally
     * @param ilkIndex collateral
     * @param usr user
     * @param wad amount to add or remove
     */
    function mintAndBurnGem(uint8 ilkIndex, address usr, int256 wad) external onlyRole(GEM_JOIN_ROLE) whenNotPaused {
        IonPoolStorage storage $ = _getIonPoolStorage();

        $.gem[ilkIndex][usr] = _add($.gem[ilkIndex][usr], wad);

        emit MintAndBurnGem(ilkIndex, usr, wad);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Transfer gem across the internal accounting of the pool
     * @param ilkIndex index of the collateral
     * @param src source of the gem
     * @param dst destination of the gem
     * @param wad amount of gem
     */
    function transferGem(uint8 ilkIndex, address src, address dst, uint256 wad) external whenNotPaused {
        if (!isAllowed(src, _msgSender())) revert GemTransferWithoutConsent(ilkIndex, src, _msgSender());

        IonPoolStorage storage $ = _getIonPoolStorage();

        $.gem[ilkIndex][src] -= wad;
        $.gem[ilkIndex][dst] += wad;
        emit TransferGem(ilkIndex, src, dst, wad);
    }

    // --- Getters ---

    /**
     * @return The address of the collateral at index `ilkIndex`.
     */
    function getIlkAddress(uint256 ilkIndex) external view returns (address) {
        IonPoolStorage storage $ = _getIonPoolStorage();
        return $.ilkAddresses.at(ilkIndex);
    }

    /**
     * @return The rate (debt accumulator) for collateral with index `ilkIndex`.
     */
    function rate(uint8 ilkIndex) external view returns (uint256) {
        IonPoolStorage storage $ = _getIonPoolStorage();

        (uint256 newRateIncrease,) = calculateRewardAndDebtDistributionForIlk(ilkIndex);

        return $.ilks[ilkIndex].rate + newRateIncrease;
    }

    /**
     * @return dust amount for collateral with index `ilkIndex`.
     */
    function dust(uint8 ilkIndex) external view returns (uint256) {
        IonPoolStorage storage $ = _getIonPoolStorage();
        return $.ilks[ilkIndex].dust;
    }

    /**
     * @return The amount of collateral `user` has for collateral with index `ilkIndex`.
     */
    function collateral(uint8 ilkIndex, address user) external view returns (uint256) {
        IonPoolStorage storage $ = _getIonPoolStorage();
        return $.vaults[ilkIndex][user].collateral;
    }

    /**
     * @return The amount of normalized debt `user` has for collateral with index `ilkIndex`.
     */
    function normalizedDebt(uint8 ilkIndex, address user) external view returns (uint256) {
        IonPoolStorage storage $ = _getIonPoolStorage();
        return $.vaults[ilkIndex][user].normalizedDebt;
    }

    /**
     * @return All data within vault for `user` with index `ilkIndex`.
     */
    function vault(uint8 ilkIndex, address user) external view returns (uint256, uint256) {
        IonPoolStorage storage $ = _getIonPoolStorage();
        return ($.vaults[ilkIndex][user].collateral, $.vaults[ilkIndex][user].normalizedDebt);
    }

    /**
     * @return Whether or not `operator` has permission to make unsafe changes
     * to `user`'s positions.
     */
    function isAllowed(address user, address operator) public view returns (bool) {
        IonPoolStorage storage $ = _getIonPoolStorage();

        return either(user == operator, $.isOperator[user][operator] == 1);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Gets the current borrow rate for borrowing against a given collateral.
     */
    function getCurrentBorrowRate(uint8 ilkIndex) external view returns (uint256 borrowRate, uint256 reserveFactor) {
        IonPoolStorage storage $ = _getIonPoolStorage();

        uint256 totalEthSupply = totalSupplyUnaccrued();

        uint256 _totalNormalizedDebt = $.ilks[ilkIndex].totalNormalizedDebt;
        uint256 _rate = $.ilks[ilkIndex].rate;

        uint256 totalDebt = _totalNormalizedDebt * _rate; // [WAD] * [RAY] / [WAD] = [RAY]

        (borrowRate, reserveFactor) = $.interestRateModule.calculateInterestRate(ilkIndex, totalDebt, totalEthSupply);
        borrowRate += RAY;
    }

    function extsload(bytes32 slot) external view returns (bytes32 value) {
        assembly {
            value := sload(slot)
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Address of the implementation. This is stored immutably on the
     * implementation so that it can be read by the proxy.
     */
    function implementation() external view returns (address) {
        return ADDRESS_THIS;
    }

    // --- Auth ---

    /**
     * @dev Allows an `operator` to make unsafe changes to `_msgSender()`s
     * positions.
     */
    function addOperator(address operator) external {
        IonPoolStorage storage $ = _getIonPoolStorage();

        $.isOperator[_msgSender()][operator] = 1;

        emit AddOperator(_msgSender(), operator);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Disallows an `operator` to make unsafe changes to `_msgSender()`s
     * positions.
     */
    function removeOperator(address operator) external {
        IonPoolStorage storage $ = _getIonPoolStorage();

        $.isOperator[_msgSender()][operator] = 0;

        emit RemoveOperator(_msgSender(), operator);
    }

    // --- Math ---

    function _add(uint256 x, int256 y) internal pure returns (uint256 z) {
        // Overflow desirable
        unchecked {
            z = x + uint256(y);
        }
        if (y < 0 && z > x) revert ArithmeticError();
        if (y > 0 && z < x) revert ArithmeticError();
    }

    function _sub(uint256 x, int256 y) internal pure returns (uint256 z) {
        // Underflow desirable
        unchecked {
            z = x - uint256(y);
        }
        if (y > 0 && z > x) revert ArithmeticError();
        if (y < 0 && z < x) revert ArithmeticError();
    }

    /**
     * @dev x and the returned value are to be interpreted as fixed-point
     * integers with scaling factor b. For example, if b == 100, this specifies
     * two decimal digits of precision and the normal decimal value 2.1 would be
     * represented as 210; rpow(210, 2, 100) returns 441 (the two-decimal digit
     * fixed-point representation of 2.1^2 = 4.41) (From MCD docs)
     * @param x base
     * @param n exponent
     * @param b scaling factor
     */
    function _rpow(uint256 x, uint256 n, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256 z) {
        assembly {
            switch x
            case 0 {
                switch n
                case 0 { z := b }
                default { z := 0 }
            }
            default {
                switch mod(n, 2)
                case 0 { z := b }
                default { z := x }
                let half := div(b, 2) // for rounding.
                for { n := div(n, 2) } n { n := div(n, 2) } {
                    let xx := mul(x, x)
                    if iszero(eq(div(xx, x), x)) { revert(0, 0) }
                    let xxRound := add(xx, half)
                    if lt(xxRound, xx) { revert(0, 0) }
                    x := div(xxRound, b)
                    if mod(n, 2) {
                        let zx := mul(z, x)
                        if and(iszero(iszero(x)), iszero(eq(div(zx, x), z))) { revert(0, 0) }
                        let zxRound := add(zx, half)
                        if lt(zxRound, zx) { revert(0, 0) }
                        z := div(zxRound, b)
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    // --- Boolean ---

    function either(bool x, bool y) internal pure returns (bool z) {
        assembly {
            z := or(x, y)
        }
    }

    function both(bool x, bool y) internal pure returns (bool z) {
        assembly {
            z := and(x, y)
        }
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: UNLICENSED
pragma solidity 0.8.21;

import { Ownable2Step } from "@openzeppelin/contracts/access/Ownable2Step.sol";
import { Ownable } from "@openzeppelin/contracts/access/Ownable.sol";
import { MerkleProof } from "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/cryptography/MerkleProof.sol";

/**
 * @notice An external Whitelist module that Ion's system-wide contracts can use
 * to verify that a user is permitted to borrow or lend.
 *
 * A merkle whitelist is used to allow for a large number of addresses to be
 * whitelisted without consuming infordinate amounts of gas for the updates.
 *
 * There is also a protocol whitelist that can be used to allow for a protocol
 * controlled address to bypass the merkle proof check. These
 * protocol-controlled contract are expected to perform whitelist checks
 * themsleves on their own entrypoints.
 *
 * @dev The full merkle tree is stored off-chain and only the root is stored
 * on-chain.
 *
 * @custom:security-contact [email protected]
 */
contract Whitelist is Ownable2Step {
    mapping(address protocolControlledAddress => bool) public protocolWhitelist; // peripheral addresses that can bypass
        // the merkle proof check

    mapping(uint8 ilkIndex => bytes32) public borrowersRoot; // root of the merkle tree of borrowers for each ilk

    bytes32 public lendersRoot; // root of the merkle tree of lenders for each ilk

    // --- Errors ---

    error NotWhitelistedBorrower(uint8 ilkIndex, address addr);
    error NotWhitelistedLender(address addr);

    /**
     * @notice Creates a new `Whitelist` instance.
     * @param _borrowersRoots List borrower merkle roots for each ilk.
     * @param _lendersRoot The lender merkle root.
     */
    constructor(bytes32[] memory _borrowersRoots, bytes32 _lendersRoot) Ownable(msg.sender) {
        for (uint8 i = 0; i < _borrowersRoots.length; i++) {
            borrowersRoot[i] = _borrowersRoots[i];
        }
        lendersRoot = _lendersRoot;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Updates the borrower merkle root for a specific ilk.
     * @param ilkIndex of the ilk.
     * @param _borrowersRoot The new borrower merkle root.
     */
    function updateBorrowersRoot(uint8 ilkIndex, bytes32 _borrowersRoot) external onlyOwner {
        borrowersRoot[ilkIndex] = _borrowersRoot;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Updates the lender merkle root.
     * @param _lendersRoot The new lender merkle root.
     */
    function updateLendersRoot(bytes32 _lendersRoot) external onlyOwner {
        lendersRoot = _lendersRoot;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Approves a protocol controlled address to bypass the merkle proof check.
     * @param addr The address to approve.
     */
    function approveProtocolWhitelist(address addr) external onlyOwner {
        protocolWhitelist[addr] = true;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Revokes a protocol controlled address to bypass the merkle proof check.
     * @param addr The address to revoke approval for.
     */
    function revokeProtocolWhitelist(address addr) external onlyOwner {
        protocolWhitelist[addr] = false;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Called by external modifiers to prove inclusion as a borrower.
     * @dev If the root is just zero, then the whitelist is effectively turned
     * off as every address will be allowed.
     * @return True if the addr is part of the borrower whitelist or the
     * protocol whitelist. False otherwise.
     */
    function isWhitelistedBorrower(
        uint8 ilkIndex,
        address poolCaller,
        address addr,
        bytes32[] calldata proof
    )
        external
        view
        returns (bool)
    {
        if (protocolWhitelist[poolCaller]) return true;
        bytes32 root = borrowersRoot[ilkIndex];
        if (root == 0) return true;
        bytes32 leaf = keccak256(bytes.concat(keccak256(abi.encode(addr))));
        if (MerkleProof.verify(proof, root, leaf)) {
            return true;
        } else {
            revert NotWhitelistedBorrower(ilkIndex, addr);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @notice Called by external modifiers to prove inclusion as a lender.
     * @dev If the root is just zero, then the whitelist is effectively turned
     * off as every address will be allowed.
     * @return True if the addr is part of the lender whitelist or the protocol
     * whitelist. False otherwise.
     */
    function isWhitelistedLender(
        address poolCaller,
        address addr,
        bytes32[] calldata proof
    )
        external
        view
        returns (bool)
    {
        if (protocolWhitelist[poolCaller]) return true;
        bytes32 root = lendersRoot;
        if (root == bytes32(0)) return true;
        bytes32 leaf = keccak256(bytes.concat(keccak256(abi.encode(addr))));
        if (MerkleProof.verify(proof, root, leaf)) {
            return true;
        } else {
            revert NotWhitelistedLender(addr);
        }
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity 0.8.21;

import { ReserveOracle } from "../../oracles/reserve/ReserveOracle.sol";
import { WadRayMath, RAY } from "../../libraries/math/WadRayMath.sol";

import { Math } from "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/math/Math.sol";

/**
 * @notice The `SpotOracle` is supposed to reflect the current market price of a
 * collateral asset. It is used by `IonPool` to determine the health factor of a
 * vault as a user is opening or closing a position.
 *
 * NOTE: The price data provided by this contract is not used by the liquidation
 * module at all.
 *
 * The spot price will also always be bounded by the collateral's corresponding
 * reserve oracle price to ensure that a user can never open position that is
 * directly liquidatable.
 *
 * @custom:security-contact [email protected]
 */
abstract contract SpotOracle {
    using WadRayMath for uint256;

    uint256 public immutable LTV; // max LTV for a position (below liquidation threshold) [ray]
    ReserveOracle public immutable RESERVE_ORACLE;

    // --- Errors ---
    error InvalidLtv(uint256 ltv);
    error InvalidReserveOracle();

    /**
     * @notice Creates a new `SpotOracle` instance.
     * @param _ltv Loan to value ratio for the collateral.
     * @param _reserveOracle Address for the associated reserve oracle.
     */
    constructor(uint256 _ltv, address _reserveOracle) {
        if (_ltv > RAY) {
            revert InvalidLtv(_ltv);
        }
        if (address(_reserveOracle) == address(0)) {
            revert InvalidReserveOracle();
        }
        LTV = _ltv;
        RESERVE_ORACLE = ReserveOracle(_reserveOracle);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Gets the price of the collateral asset in ETH.
     * @dev Overridden by collateral specific spot oracle contracts.
     * @return price of the asset in ETH. [WAD]
     */
    function getPrice() public view virtual returns (uint256 price);

    // @dev Gets the market price multiplied by the LTV.
    // @return spot value of the asset in ETH [ray]

    /**
     * @notice Gets the risk-adjusted market price.
     * @return spot The risk-adjusted market price.
     */
    function getSpot() external view returns (uint256 spot) {
        uint256 price = getPrice(); // must be [wad]
        uint256 exchangeRate = RESERVE_ORACLE.currentExchangeRate();

        // Min the price with reserve oracle before multiplying by ltv
        uint256 min = Math.min(price, exchangeRate); // [wad]

        spot = LTV.wadMulDown(min); // [ray] * [wad] / [wad] = [ray]
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
pragma solidity 0.8.21;

import { WadRayMath, RAY } from "../libraries/math/WadRayMath.sol";

import { IERC20Metadata } from "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/extensions/IERC20Metadata.sol";
import { IERC20Errors } from "./IERC20Errors.sol";
import { ContextUpgradeable } from "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/utils/ContextUpgradeable.sol";
import { AccessControlDefaultAdminRulesUpgradeable } from
    "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/access/extensions/AccessControlDefaultAdminRulesUpgradeable.sol";
import { IERC20 } from "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/IERC20.sol";
import { SafeERC20 } from "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/utils/SafeERC20.sol";
import { MessageHashUtils } from "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/cryptography/MessageHashUtils.sol";
import { ECDSA } from "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/cryptography/ECDSA.sol";

/**
 * @title RewardToken
 * @notice The supply-side reward accounting portion of the protocol. A lender's
 * balance is measured in two parts: a static balance and a dynamic "supply
 * factor". Their true balance is the product of the two values. The dynamic
 * portion is then able to be used to distribute interest accrued to the lender.
 *
 * @custom:security-contact [email protected]
 */
abstract contract RewardToken is
    ContextUpgradeable,
    AccessControlDefaultAdminRulesUpgradeable,
    IERC20Errors,
    IERC20Metadata
{
    using WadRayMath for uint256;
    using SafeERC20 for IERC20;

    /**
     * @dev Cannot burn amount whose normalized value is less than zero.
     */
    error InvalidBurnAmount();

    /**
     * @dev Cannot mint amount whose normalized value is less than zero.
     */
    error InvalidMintAmount();

    error InvalidUnderlyingAddress();
    error InvalidTreasuryAddress();

    /**
     * @dev Indicates a failure with the token `sender`. Used in transfers.
     * @param sender Address whose tokens are being transferred.
     */
    error InvalidSender(address sender);

    /**
     * @dev Indicates a failure with the token `receiver`. Used in transfers.
     * @param receiver Address to which tokens are being transferred.
     */
    error InvalidReceiver(address receiver);

    /**
     * @dev Cannot transfer the token to address `self`
     */
    error SelfTransfer(address self);

    /**
     * @dev Signature cannot be submitted after `deadline` has passed. Designed to
     * mitigate replay attacks.
     */
    error ERC2612ExpiredSignature(uint256 deadline);

    /**
     * @dev `signer` does not match the `owner` of the tokens. `owner` did not approve.
     */
    error ERC2612InvalidSigner(address signer, address owner);

    /**
     * @dev Indicates an error related to the current `balance` of a `sender`. Used in transfers.
     * @param account Address whose token balance is insufficient.
     * @param balance Current balance for the interacting account.
     * @param needed Minimum amount required to perform a transfer.
     */
    error InsufficientBalance(address account, uint256 balance, uint256 needed);

    event MintToTreasury(address indexed treasury, uint256 amount, uint256 supplyFactor);

    event TreasuryUpdate(address treasury);

    /// @custom:storage-location erc7201:ion.storage.RewardToken
    struct RewardTokenStorage {
        IERC20 underlying;
        uint8 decimals;
        // A user's true balance at any point will be the value in this mapping times the supplyFactor
        string name;
        string symbol;
        address treasury;
        uint256 normalizedTotalSupply; // [WAD]
        uint256 supplyFactor; // [RAY]
        mapping(address account => uint256) _normalizedBalances; // [WAD]
        mapping(address account => mapping(address spender => uint256)) _allowances;
        mapping(address account => uint256) nonces;
    }

    bytes32 public constant ION = keccak256("ION");

    // keccak256(abi.encode(uint256(keccak256("ion.storage.RewardModule")) - 1)) & ~bytes32(uint256(0xff))
    // solhint-disable-next-line
    bytes32 private constant RewardTokenStorageLocation =
        0xdb3a0d63a7808d7d0422c40bb62354f42bff7602a547c329c1453dbcbeef4900;

    bytes private constant EIP712_REVISION = bytes("1");
    bytes32 private constant EIP712_DOMAIN =
        keccak256("EIP712Domain(string name,string version,uint256 chainId,address verifyingContract)");
    bytes32 public constant PERMIT_TYPEHASH =
        keccak256("Permit(address owner,address spender,uint256 value,uint256 nonce,uint256 deadline)");

    function _getRewardTokenStorage() private pure returns (RewardTokenStorage storage $) {
        assembly {
            $.slot := RewardTokenStorageLocation
        }
    }

    function _initialize(
        address _underlying,
        address _treasury,
        uint8 decimals_,
        string memory name_,
        string memory symbol_
    )
        internal
        onlyInitializing
    {
        if (_underlying == address(0)) revert InvalidUnderlyingAddress();
        if (_treasury == address(0)) revert InvalidTreasuryAddress();

        RewardTokenStorage storage $ = _getRewardTokenStorage();

        $.underlying = IERC20(_underlying);
        $.treasury = _treasury;
        $.decimals = decimals_;
        $.name = name_;
        $.symbol = symbol_;
        $.supplyFactor = RAY;

        emit TreasuryUpdate(_treasury);
    }

    /**
     *
     * @param user to burn tokens from
     * @param receiverOfUnderlying to send underlying tokens to
     * @param amount to burn
     */
    function _burn(address user, address receiverOfUnderlying, uint256 amount) internal returns (uint256) {
        RewardTokenStorage storage $ = _getRewardTokenStorage();

        uint256 _supplyFactor = $.supplyFactor;
        uint256 amountScaled = amount.rayDivUp(_supplyFactor);

        if (amountScaled == 0) revert InvalidBurnAmount();
        _burnNormalized(user, amountScaled);

        $.underlying.safeTransfer(receiverOfUnderlying, amount);

        emit Transfer(user, address(0), amount);

        return _supplyFactor;
    }

    /**
     *
     * @param account to decrease balance of
     * @param amount of normalized tokens to burn
     */
    function _burnNormalized(address account, uint256 amount) private {
        RewardTokenStorage storage $ = _getRewardTokenStorage();

        if (account == address(0)) revert InvalidSender(address(0));

        uint256 oldAccountBalance = $._normalizedBalances[account];
        if (oldAccountBalance < amount) revert InsufficientBalance(account, oldAccountBalance, amount);
        // Underflow impossible
        unchecked {
            $._normalizedBalances[account] = oldAccountBalance - amount;
        }

        $.normalizedTotalSupply -= amount;
    }

    /**
     *
     * @param user to mint tokens to
     * @param senderOfUnderlying address to transfer underlying tokens from
     * @param amount of reward tokens to mint
     */
    function _mint(address user, address senderOfUnderlying, uint256 amount) internal returns (uint256) {
        RewardTokenStorage storage $ = _getRewardTokenStorage();

        uint256 _supplyFactor = $.supplyFactor;
        uint256 amountScaled = amount.rayDivDown(_supplyFactor); // [WAD] * [RAY] / [RAY] = [WAD]
        if (amountScaled == 0) revert InvalidMintAmount();
        _mintNormalized(user, amountScaled);

        $.underlying.safeTransferFrom(senderOfUnderlying, address(this), amount);

        emit Transfer(address(0), user, amount);

        return _supplyFactor;
    }

    /**
     *
     * @param account to increase balance of
     * @param amount of normalized tokens to mint
     */
    function _mintNormalized(address account, uint256 amount) private {
        if (account == address(0)) revert InvalidReceiver(address(0));

        RewardTokenStorage storage $ = _getRewardTokenStorage();

        $.normalizedTotalSupply += amount;

        $._normalizedBalances[account] += amount;
    }

    /**
     * @dev This function does not perform any rounding checks.
     * @param amount of tokens to mint to treasury
     */
    function _mintToTreasury(uint256 amount) internal {
        if (amount == 0) return;

        RewardTokenStorage storage $ = _getRewardTokenStorage();

        uint256 _supplyFactor = $.supplyFactor;
        address _treasury = $.treasury;

        // Compared to the normal mint, we don't check for rounding errors. The
        // amount to mint can easily be very small since it is a fraction of the
        // interest accrued. In that case, the treasury will experience a (very
        // small) loss, but it won't cause potentially valid transactions to
        // fail.
        _mintNormalized(_treasury, amount.rayDivDown(_supplyFactor));

        emit Transfer(address(0), _treasury, amount);
        emit MintToTreasury(_treasury, amount, _supplyFactor);
    }

    /**
     *
     * @param spender to approve
     * @param amount to approve
     */
    function approve(address spender, uint256 amount) external returns (bool) {
        _approve(_msgSender(), spender, amount);
        return true;
    }

    /**
     *
     * @param owner of tokens
     * @param spender of tokens
     * @param amount to approve
     */
    function _approve(address owner, address spender, uint256 amount) internal {
        if (owner == address(0)) revert ERC20InvalidApprover(address(0));
        if (spender == address(0)) revert ERC20InvalidSpender(address(0));

        RewardTokenStorage storage $ = _getRewardTokenStorage();

        $._allowances[owner][spender] = amount;
        emit Approval(owner, spender, amount);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Spends allowance
     */
    function _spendAllowance(address owner, address spender, uint256 amount) private {
        uint256 currentAllowance = allowance(owner, spender);
        if (currentAllowance < amount) {
            revert ERC20InsufficientAllowance(spender, currentAllowance, amount);
        }
        uint256 newAllowance;
        // Underflow impossible
        unchecked {
            newAllowance = currentAllowance - amount;
        }

        RewardTokenStorage storage $ = _getRewardTokenStorage();

        $._allowances[owner][spender] = newAllowance;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Can only be called by owner of the tokens
     * @param to transfer to
     * @param amount to transfer
     */
    function transfer(address to, uint256 amount) public returns (bool) {
        _transfer(_msgSender(), to, amount);
        emit Transfer(_msgSender(), to, amount);
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @dev For use with `approve()`
     * @param from to transfer from
     * @param to to transfer to
     * @param amount to transfer
     */
    function transferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 amount) public returns (bool) {
        _spendAllowance(from, _msgSender(), amount);
        _transfer(from, to, amount);

        emit Transfer(from, to, amount);
        return true;
    }

    function _transfer(address from, address to, uint256 amount) private {
        if (from == address(0)) revert ERC20InvalidSender(address(0));
        if (to == address(0)) revert ERC20InvalidReceiver(address(0));
        if (from == to) revert SelfTransfer(from);

        RewardTokenStorage storage $ = _getRewardTokenStorage();

        uint256 _supplyFactor = $.supplyFactor;
        uint256 amountNormalized = amount.rayDivDown(_supplyFactor);

        uint256 oldSenderBalance = $._normalizedBalances[from];
        if (oldSenderBalance < amountNormalized) {
            revert ERC20InsufficientBalance(from, oldSenderBalance, amountNormalized);
        }
        // Underflow impossible
        unchecked {
            $._normalizedBalances[from] = oldSenderBalance - amountNormalized;
        }
        $._normalizedBalances[to] += amountNormalized;
    }

    /**
     * @dev implements the permit function as for
     * https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/blob/8a34d644aacf0f9f8f00815307fd7dd5da07655f/EIPS/eip-2612.md
     * @param owner The owner of the funds
     * @param spender The spender
     * @param value The amount
     * @param deadline The deadline timestamp, type(uint256).max for max deadline
     * @param v Signature param
     * @param s Signature param
     * @param r Signature param
     */
    function permit(
        address owner,
        address spender,
        uint256 value,
        uint256 deadline,
        uint8 v,
        bytes32 r,
        bytes32 s
    )
        public
        virtual
    {
        if (block.timestamp > deadline) {
            revert ERC2612ExpiredSignature(deadline);
        }

        bytes32 structHash = keccak256(abi.encode(PERMIT_TYPEHASH, owner, spender, value, _useNonce(owner), deadline));

        bytes32 domainSeparator = keccak256(
            abi.encode(
                EIP712_DOMAIN, keccak256(bytes(name())), keccak256(EIP712_REVISION), block.chainid, address(this)
            )
        );

        bytes32 hash = MessageHashUtils.toTypedDataHash(domainSeparator, structHash);

        address signer = ECDSA.recover(hash, v, r, s);
        if (signer != owner) {
            revert ERC2612InvalidSigner(signer, owner);
        }

        _approve(owner, spender, value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns current allowance
     * @param owner of tokens
     * @param spender of tokens
     */
    function allowance(address owner, address spender) public view returns (uint256) {
        RewardTokenStorage storage $ = _getRewardTokenStorage();
        return $._allowances[owner][spender];
    }

    function nonces(address owner) public view returns (uint256) {
        RewardTokenStorage storage $ = _getRewardTokenStorage();
        return $.nonces[owner];
    }

    /**
     * @dev Consumes a nonce.
     *
     * Returns the current value and increments nonce.
     */
    function _useNonce(address owner) internal virtual returns (uint256) {
        // For each account, the nonce has an initial value of 0, can only be incremented by one, and cannot be
        // decremented or reset. This guarantees that the nonce never overflows.
        RewardTokenStorage storage $ = _getRewardTokenStorage();

        unchecked {
            // It is important to do x++ and not ++x here.
            return $.nonces[owner]++;
        }
    }

    function _setSupplyFactor(uint256 newSupplyFactor) internal {
        RewardTokenStorage storage $ = _getRewardTokenStorage();
        $.supplyFactor = newSupplyFactor;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Updates the treasury address
     * @param newTreasury address of new treasury
     */
    function updateTreasury(address newTreasury) external onlyRole(ION) {
        if (newTreasury == address(0)) revert InvalidTreasuryAddress();

        RewardTokenStorage storage $ = _getRewardTokenStorage();
        $.treasury = newTreasury;

        emit TreasuryUpdate(newTreasury);
    }

    // --- Getters ---

    /**
     * @dev Address of underlying asset
     */
    function underlying() public view returns (IERC20) {
        RewardTokenStorage storage $ = _getRewardTokenStorage();
        return $.underlying;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Decimals of the position asset
     */
    function decimals() public view returns (uint8) {
        RewardTokenStorage storage $ = _getRewardTokenStorage();
        return $.decimals;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Current claim of the underlying token inclusive of interest to be accrued.
     * @param user to get balance of
     */
    function balanceOf(address user) public view returns (uint256) {
        RewardTokenStorage storage $ = _getRewardTokenStorage();

        (uint256 totalSupplyFactorIncrease,,,,) = calculateRewardAndDebtDistribution();

        return $._normalizedBalances[user].rayMulDown($.supplyFactor + totalSupplyFactorIncrease);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Current claim of the underlying token without accounting for interest to be accrued.
     */
    function balanceOfUnaccrued(address user) public view returns (uint256) {
        RewardTokenStorage storage $ = _getRewardTokenStorage();
        return $._normalizedBalances[user].rayMulDown($.supplyFactor);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Accounting is done in normalized balances
     * @param user to get normalized balance of
     */
    function normalizedBalanceOf(address user) external view returns (uint256) {
        RewardTokenStorage storage $ = _getRewardTokenStorage();
        return $._normalizedBalances[user];
    }

    /**
     * @dev Name of the position asset
     */
    function name() public view returns (string memory) {
        RewardTokenStorage storage $ = _getRewardTokenStorage();
        return $.name;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Symbol of the position asset
     */
    function symbol() public view returns (string memory) {
        RewardTokenStorage storage $ = _getRewardTokenStorage();
        return $.symbol;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Current treasury address
     */
    function treasury() public view returns (address) {
        RewardTokenStorage storage $ = _getRewardTokenStorage();
        return $.treasury;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Total claim of the underlying asset belonging to lenders not inclusive of the new interest to be accrued.
     */
    function totalSupplyUnaccrued() public view returns (uint256) {
        RewardTokenStorage storage $ = _getRewardTokenStorage();

        uint256 _normalizedTotalSupply = $.normalizedTotalSupply;

        if (_normalizedTotalSupply == 0) {
            return 0;
        }

        return _normalizedTotalSupply.rayMulDown($.supplyFactor);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Total claim of the underlying asset belonging to lender inclusive of the new interest to be accrued.
     */
    function totalSupply() public view returns (uint256) {
        RewardTokenStorage storage $ = _getRewardTokenStorage();

        uint256 _normalizedTotalSupply = $.normalizedTotalSupply;

        if (_normalizedTotalSupply == 0) {
            return 0;
        }

        (uint256 totalSupplyFactorIncrease, uint256 totalTreasuryMintAmount,,,) = calculateRewardAndDebtDistribution();

        return _normalizedTotalSupply.rayMulDown($.supplyFactor + totalSupplyFactorIncrease) + totalTreasuryMintAmount;
    }

    function normalizedTotalSupplyUnaccrued() public view returns (uint256) {
        RewardTokenStorage storage $ = _getRewardTokenStorage();
        return $.normalizedTotalSupply;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Normalized total supply.
     */
    function normalizedTotalSupply() public view returns (uint256) {
        RewardTokenStorage storage $ = _getRewardTokenStorage();

        (uint256 totalSupplyFactorIncrease, uint256 totalTreasuryMintAmount,,,) = calculateRewardAndDebtDistribution();

        uint256 normalizedTreasuryMintAmount =
            totalTreasuryMintAmount.rayDivDown($.supplyFactor + totalSupplyFactorIncrease);

        return $.normalizedTotalSupply + normalizedTreasuryMintAmount;
    }

    function supplyFactorUnaccrued() public view returns (uint256) {
        RewardTokenStorage storage $ = _getRewardTokenStorage();
        return $.supplyFactor;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Current supply factor
     */
    function supplyFactor() public view returns (uint256) {
        RewardTokenStorage storage $ = _getRewardTokenStorage();

        (uint256 totalSupplyFactorIncrease,,,,) = calculateRewardAndDebtDistribution();

        return $.supplyFactor + totalSupplyFactorIncrease;
    }

    function calculateRewardAndDebtDistribution()
        public
        view
        virtual
        returns (
            uint256 totalSupplyFactorIncrease,
            uint256 totalTreasuryMintAmount,
            uint104[] memory rateIncreases,
            uint256 totalDebtIncrease,
            uint48[] memory timestampIncreases
        );
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: BUSL-1.1
pragma solidity 0.8.21;

import { IYieldOracle } from "./interfaces/IYieldOracle.sol";
import { WadRayMath } from "./libraries/math/WadRayMath.sol";

// forgefmt: disable-start

struct IlkData {
    // Word 1
    uint96 adjustedProfitMargin; // 27 decimals
    uint96 minimumKinkRate; // 27 decimals

    // Word 2
    uint16 reserveFactor; // 4 decimals
    uint96 adjustedBaseRate; // 27 decimals
    uint96 minimumBaseRate; // 27 decimals
    uint16 optimalUtilizationRate; // 4 decimals
    uint16 distributionFactor; // 4 decimals

    // Word 3
    uint96 adjustedAboveKinkSlope; // 27 decimals
    uint96 minimumAboveKinkSlope; // 27 decimals
}

// Word 1
//
//                                                256  240   216   192                     96                      0
//                                                 |    |     |     |     min_kink_rate     |   adj_profit_margin  |
//
uint256 constant ADJUSTED_PROFIT_MARGIN_MASK =    0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF; 
uint256 constant MINIMUM_KINK_RATE_MASK =         0x0000000000000000FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF000000000000000000000000;

// Word 2
//
//                                                256  240 224 208                     112                     16   0
//                                                 | __ |   |   |     min_base_rate     |     adj_base_rate     |   |
//                                                        ^   ^                                                   ^
//                                                        ^  opt_util                                 reserve_factor
//                                       distribution_factor

uint256 constant RESERVE_FACTOR_MASK =            0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000FFFF;
uint256 constant ADJUSTED_BASE_RATE_MASK =        0x000000000000000000000000000000000000FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF0000;
uint256 constant MINIMUM_BASE_RATE_MASK =         0x000000000000FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF0000000000000000000000000000;
uint256 constant OPTIMAL_UTILIZATION_MASK =       0x00000000FFFF0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000;
uint256 constant DISTRIBUTION_FACTOR_MASK =       0x0000FFFF00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000;

// Word 3
//                                                256  240   216   192                     96                      0
//                                                 |    |     |     |  min_above_kink_slope | adj_above_kink_slope |
//
uint256 constant ADJUSTED_ABOVE_KINK_SLOPE_MASK =  0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF;
uint256 constant MINIMUM_ABOVE_KINK_SLOPE_MASK =   0x0000000000000000FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF000000000000000000000000; 

// forgefmt: disable-end

// Word 1
uint8 constant ADJUSTED_PROFIT_MARGIN_SHIFT = 0;
uint8 constant MINIMUM_KINK_RATE_SHIFT = 96;

// Word 2
uint8 constant RESERVE_FACTOR_SHIFT = 0;
uint8 constant ADJUSTED_BASE_RATE_SHIFT = 16;
uint8 constant MINIMUM_BASE_RATE_SHIFT = 16 + 96;
uint8 constant OPTIMAL_UTILIZATION_SHIFT = 16 + 96 + 96;
uint8 constant DISTRIBUTION_FACTOR_SHIFT = 16 + 96 + 96 + 16;

// Word 3
uint8 constant ADJUSTED_ABOVE_KINK_SLOPE_SHIFT = 0;
uint8 constant MINIMUM_ABOVE_KINK_SLOPE_SHIFT = 96;

uint48 constant SECONDS_IN_A_YEAR = 31_536_000;

/**
 * @notice An external contract that provides the APY for each collateral type.
 * A modular design here allows for updating of the parameters at a later date
 * without upgrading the core protocol.
 *
 * @dev Each collateral has its own interest rate model, and every operation on
 * the `IonPool` (lend, withdraw, borrow, repay) will alter the interest rate
 * for all collaterals. Therefore, before every operation, the previous interest
 * rate must be accrued. Ion determines the interest rate for each collateral
 * based on various collateral-specific parameters which must be stored
 * on-chain. However, to iterate through all these parameters as contract
 * storage on every operation introduces an immense gas overhead, especially as
 * more collaterals are listed on Ion. Therefore, this contract is heavily
 * optimized to reduce storage reads at the unfortunate cost of code-complexity.
 *
 * @custom:security-contact [email protected]
 */
contract InterestRate {
    using WadRayMath for *;

    error CollateralIndexOutOfBounds();
    error DistributionFactorsDoNotSumToOne(uint256 sum);
    error TotalDebtsLength(uint256 COLLATERAL_COUNT, uint256 totalIlkDebtsLength);

    error InvalidMinimumKinkRate(uint256 minimumKinkRate, uint256 minimumBaseRate);
    error InvalidIlkDataListLength(uint256 length);
    error InvalidOptimalUtilizationRate(uint256 optimalUtilizationRate);
    error InvalidReserveFactor(uint256 reserveFactor);
    error InvalidYieldOracleAddress();

    uint256 private constant MAX_ILKS = 8;

    /**
     * @dev Packed collateral configs
     */
    uint256 private immutable ILKCONFIG_0A;
    uint256 private immutable ILKCONFIG_0B;
    uint256 private immutable ILKCONFIG_0C;
    uint256 private immutable ILKCONFIG_1A;
    uint256 private immutable ILKCONFIG_1B;
    uint256 private immutable ILKCONFIG_1C;
    uint256 private immutable ILKCONFIG_2A;
    uint256 private immutable ILKCONFIG_2B;
    uint256 private immutable ILKCONFIG_2C;
    uint256 private immutable ILKCONFIG_3A;
    uint256 private immutable ILKCONFIG_3B;
    uint256 private immutable ILKCONFIG_3C;
    uint256 private immutable ILKCONFIG_4A;
    uint256 private immutable ILKCONFIG_4B;
    uint256 private immutable ILKCONFIG_4C;
    uint256 private immutable ILKCONFIG_5A;
    uint256 private immutable ILKCONFIG_5B;
    uint256 private immutable ILKCONFIG_5C;
    uint256 private immutable ILKCONFIG_6A;
    uint256 private immutable ILKCONFIG_6B;
    uint256 private immutable ILKCONFIG_6C;
    uint256 private immutable ILKCONFIG_7A;
    uint256 private immutable ILKCONFIG_7B;
    uint256 private immutable ILKCONFIG_7C;

    uint256 public immutable COLLATERAL_COUNT;
    IYieldOracle public immutable YIELD_ORACLE;

    /**
     * @notice Creates a new `InterestRate` instance.
     * @param ilkDataList List of ilk configs.
     * @param _yieldOracle Address of the Yield oracle.
     */
    constructor(IlkData[] memory ilkDataList, IYieldOracle _yieldOracle) {
        if (address(_yieldOracle) == address(0)) revert InvalidYieldOracleAddress();
        if (ilkDataList.length > MAX_ILKS) revert InvalidIlkDataListLength(ilkDataList.length);

        COLLATERAL_COUNT = ilkDataList.length;
        YIELD_ORACLE = _yieldOracle;

        uint256 distributionFactorSum = 0;
        for (uint256 i = 0; i < COLLATERAL_COUNT;) {
            distributionFactorSum += ilkDataList[i].distributionFactor;

            if (ilkDataList[i].minimumKinkRate < ilkDataList[i].minimumBaseRate) {
                revert InvalidMinimumKinkRate(ilkDataList[i].minimumKinkRate, ilkDataList[i].minimumBaseRate);
            }
            if (ilkDataList[i].optimalUtilizationRate == 0) {
                revert InvalidOptimalUtilizationRate(ilkDataList[i].optimalUtilizationRate);
            }
            if (ilkDataList[i].reserveFactor > 1e4) {
                revert InvalidReserveFactor(ilkDataList[i].reserveFactor);
            }

            // forgefmt: disable-next-line
            unchecked { ++i; }
        }

        if (distributionFactorSum != 1e4) revert DistributionFactorsDoNotSumToOne(distributionFactorSum);

        (ILKCONFIG_0A, ILKCONFIG_0B, ILKCONFIG_0C) = _packCollateralConfig(ilkDataList, 0);
        (ILKCONFIG_1A, ILKCONFIG_1B, ILKCONFIG_1C) = _packCollateralConfig(ilkDataList, 1);
        (ILKCONFIG_2A, ILKCONFIG_2B, ILKCONFIG_2C) = _packCollateralConfig(ilkDataList, 2);
        (ILKCONFIG_3A, ILKCONFIG_3B, ILKCONFIG_3C) = _packCollateralConfig(ilkDataList, 3);
        (ILKCONFIG_4A, ILKCONFIG_4B, ILKCONFIG_4C) = _packCollateralConfig(ilkDataList, 4);
        (ILKCONFIG_5A, ILKCONFIG_5B, ILKCONFIG_5C) = _packCollateralConfig(ilkDataList, 5);
        (ILKCONFIG_6A, ILKCONFIG_6B, ILKCONFIG_6C) = _packCollateralConfig(ilkDataList, 6);
        (ILKCONFIG_7A, ILKCONFIG_7B, ILKCONFIG_7C) = _packCollateralConfig(ilkDataList, 7);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Helper function to pack the collateral configs into 3 words. This
     * function is only called during construction.
     * @param ilkDataList The list of ilk configs.
     * @param index The ilkIndex to pack.
     * @return packedConfig_a
     * @return packedConfig_b
     * @return packedConfig_c
     */
    function _packCollateralConfig(
        IlkData[] memory ilkDataList,
        uint256 index
    )
        private
        view
        returns (uint256 packedConfig_a, uint256 packedConfig_b, uint256 packedConfig_c)
    {
        if (index >= COLLATERAL_COUNT) return (0, 0, 0);

        IlkData memory ilkData = ilkDataList[index];

        packedConfig_a = (
            uint256(ilkData.adjustedProfitMargin) << ADJUSTED_PROFIT_MARGIN_SHIFT
                | uint256(ilkData.minimumKinkRate) << MINIMUM_KINK_RATE_SHIFT
        );

        packedConfig_b = (
            uint256(ilkData.reserveFactor) << RESERVE_FACTOR_SHIFT
                | uint256(ilkData.adjustedBaseRate) << ADJUSTED_BASE_RATE_SHIFT
                | uint256(ilkData.minimumBaseRate) << MINIMUM_BASE_RATE_SHIFT
                | uint256(ilkData.optimalUtilizationRate) << OPTIMAL_UTILIZATION_SHIFT
                | uint256(ilkData.distributionFactor) << DISTRIBUTION_FACTOR_SHIFT
        );

        packedConfig_c = (
            uint256(ilkData.adjustedAboveKinkSlope) << ADJUSTED_ABOVE_KINK_SLOPE_SHIFT
                | uint256(ilkData.minimumAboveKinkSlope) << MINIMUM_ABOVE_KINK_SLOPE_SHIFT
        );
    }

    /**
     * @notice Helper function to unpack the collateral configs from the 3
     * words.
     * @param index The ilkIndex to unpack.
     * @return ilkData The unpacked collateral config.
     */
    function unpackCollateralConfig(uint256 index) external view returns (IlkData memory ilkData) {
        return _unpackCollateralConfig(index);
    }

    function _unpackCollateralConfig(uint256 index) internal view returns (IlkData memory ilkData) {
        if (index > COLLATERAL_COUNT - 1) revert CollateralIndexOutOfBounds();

        uint256 packedConfig_a;
        uint256 packedConfig_b;
        uint256 packedConfig_c;

        if (index == 0) {
            packedConfig_a = ILKCONFIG_0A;
            packedConfig_b = ILKCONFIG_0B;
            packedConfig_c = ILKCONFIG_0C;
        } else if (index == 1) {
            packedConfig_a = ILKCONFIG_1A;
            packedConfig_b = ILKCONFIG_1B;
            packedConfig_c = ILKCONFIG_1C;
        } else if (index == 2) {
            packedConfig_a = ILKCONFIG_2A;
            packedConfig_b = ILKCONFIG_2B;
            packedConfig_c = ILKCONFIG_2C;
        } else if (index == 3) {
            packedConfig_a = ILKCONFIG_3A;
            packedConfig_b = ILKCONFIG_3B;
            packedConfig_c = ILKCONFIG_3C;
        } else if (index == 4) {
            packedConfig_a = ILKCONFIG_4A;
            packedConfig_b = ILKCONFIG_4B;
            packedConfig_c = ILKCONFIG_4C;
        } else if (index == 5) {
            packedConfig_a = ILKCONFIG_5A;
            packedConfig_b = ILKCONFIG_5B;
            packedConfig_c = ILKCONFIG_5C;
        } else if (index == 6) {
            packedConfig_a = ILKCONFIG_6A;
            packedConfig_b = ILKCONFIG_6B;
            packedConfig_c = ILKCONFIG_6C;
        } else if (index == 7) {
            packedConfig_a = ILKCONFIG_7A;
            packedConfig_b = ILKCONFIG_7B;
            packedConfig_c = ILKCONFIG_7C;
        }

        uint96 adjustedProfitMargin =
            uint96((packedConfig_a & ADJUSTED_PROFIT_MARGIN_MASK) >> ADJUSTED_PROFIT_MARGIN_SHIFT);
        uint96 minimumKinkRate = uint96((packedConfig_a & MINIMUM_KINK_RATE_MASK) >> MINIMUM_KINK_RATE_SHIFT);

        uint16 reserveFactor = uint16((packedConfig_b & RESERVE_FACTOR_MASK) >> RESERVE_FACTOR_SHIFT);
        uint96 adjustedBaseRate = uint96((packedConfig_b & ADJUSTED_BASE_RATE_MASK) >> ADJUSTED_BASE_RATE_SHIFT);
        uint96 minimumBaseRate = uint96((packedConfig_b & MINIMUM_BASE_RATE_MASK) >> MINIMUM_BASE_RATE_SHIFT);
        uint16 optimalUtilizationRate = uint16((packedConfig_b & OPTIMAL_UTILIZATION_MASK) >> OPTIMAL_UTILIZATION_SHIFT);
        uint16 distributionFactor = uint16((packedConfig_b & DISTRIBUTION_FACTOR_MASK) >> DISTRIBUTION_FACTOR_SHIFT);

        uint96 adjustedAboveKinkSlope =
            uint96((packedConfig_c & ADJUSTED_ABOVE_KINK_SLOPE_MASK) >> ADJUSTED_ABOVE_KINK_SLOPE_SHIFT);
        uint96 minimumAboveKinkSlope =
            uint96((packedConfig_c & MINIMUM_ABOVE_KINK_SLOPE_MASK) >> MINIMUM_ABOVE_KINK_SLOPE_SHIFT);

        ilkData = IlkData({
            adjustedProfitMargin: adjustedProfitMargin,
            minimumKinkRate: minimumKinkRate,
            reserveFactor: reserveFactor,
            adjustedBaseRate: adjustedBaseRate,
            minimumBaseRate: minimumBaseRate,
            optimalUtilizationRate: optimalUtilizationRate,
            distributionFactor: distributionFactor,
            adjustedAboveKinkSlope: adjustedAboveKinkSlope,
            minimumAboveKinkSlope: minimumAboveKinkSlope
        });
    }

    /**
     * @notice Calculates the interest rate for a given collateral.
     * @param ilkIndex Index of the collateral.
     * @param totalIlkDebt Total debt of the collateral. [RAD]
     * @param totalEthSupply Total eth supply of the system. [WAD]
     * @return The borrow rate for the collateral. [RAY]
     * @return The reserve factor for the collateral. [RAY]
     */
    function calculateInterestRate(
        uint256 ilkIndex,
        uint256 totalIlkDebt,
        uint256 totalEthSupply
    )
        external
        view
        returns (uint256, uint256)
    {
        IlkData memory ilkData = _unpackCollateralConfig(ilkIndex);
        uint256 optimalUtilizationRateRay = ilkData.optimalUtilizationRate.scaleUpToRay(4);
        uint256 collateralApyRayInSeconds = YIELD_ORACLE.apys(ilkIndex).scaleUpToRay(8) / SECONDS_IN_A_YEAR;

        uint256 distributionFactor = ilkData.distributionFactor;
        // The only time the distribution factor will be set to 0 is when a
        // market has been sunset. In this case, we want to prevent division by
        // 0, but we also want to prevent the borrow rate from skyrocketing. So
        // we will return a reasonable borrow rate of kink utilization on the
        // minimum curve.
        if (distributionFactor == 0) {
            return (ilkData.minimumKinkRate, ilkData.reserveFactor.scaleUpToRay(4));
        }

        // If the `totalEthSupply` is small enough to truncate to zero, then
        // treat the utilization as zero.
        uint256 totalEthSupplyScaled = totalEthSupply.wadMulDown(distributionFactor.scaleUpToWad(4));

        // [RAD] / [WAD] = [RAY]
        uint256 utilizationRate = totalEthSupplyScaled == 0 ? 0 : totalIlkDebt / totalEthSupplyScaled;

        // Avoid stack too deep
        uint256 adjustedBelowKinkSlope;
        {
            uint256 slopeNumerator;
            unchecked {
                slopeNumerator = collateralApyRayInSeconds - ilkData.adjustedProfitMargin - ilkData.adjustedBaseRate;
            }

            // Underflow occurred
            // If underflow occurred, then the Apy was too low or the profitMargin was too high and
            // we would want to switch to minimum borrow rate. Set slopeNumerator to zero such
            // that adjusted borrow rate is below the minimum borrow rate.
            if (slopeNumerator > collateralApyRayInSeconds) {
                slopeNumerator = 0;
            }

            adjustedBelowKinkSlope = slopeNumerator.rayDivDown(optimalUtilizationRateRay);
        }

        uint256 minimumBelowKinkSlope =
            (ilkData.minimumKinkRate - ilkData.minimumBaseRate).rayDivDown(optimalUtilizationRateRay);

        // Below kink
        if (utilizationRate < optimalUtilizationRateRay) {
            uint256 adjustedBorrowRate = adjustedBelowKinkSlope.rayMulDown(utilizationRate) + ilkData.adjustedBaseRate;
            uint256 minimumBorrowRate = minimumBelowKinkSlope.rayMulDown(utilizationRate) + ilkData.minimumBaseRate;

            if (adjustedBorrowRate < minimumBorrowRate) {
                return (minimumBorrowRate, ilkData.reserveFactor.scaleUpToRay(4));
            } else {
                return (adjustedBorrowRate, ilkData.reserveFactor.scaleUpToRay(4));
            }
        }
        // Above kink
        else {
            // For the above kink calculation, we will use the below kink slope
            // for all utilization up until the kink. From that point on we will
            // use the above kink slope.
            uint256 excessUtil = utilizationRate - optimalUtilizationRateRay;

            uint256 adjustedNormalRate =
                adjustedBelowKinkSlope.rayMulDown(optimalUtilizationRateRay) + ilkData.adjustedBaseRate;
            uint256 minimumNormalRate =
                minimumBelowKinkSlope.rayMulDown(optimalUtilizationRateRay) + ilkData.minimumBaseRate;

            // [WAD] * [RAY] / [WAD] = [RAY]
            uint256 adjustedBorrowRate = ilkData.adjustedAboveKinkSlope.rayMulDown(excessUtil) + adjustedNormalRate;
            uint256 minimumBorrowRate = ilkData.minimumAboveKinkSlope.rayMulDown(excessUtil) + minimumNormalRate;

            if (adjustedBorrowRate < minimumBorrowRate) {
                return (minimumBorrowRate, ilkData.reserveFactor.scaleUpToRay(4));
            } else {
                return (adjustedBorrowRate, ilkData.reserveFactor.scaleUpToRay(4));
            }
        }
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: UNLICENSED
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import { Math } from "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/math/Math.sol";

uint256 constant WAD = 1e18;
uint256 constant RAY = 1e27;
uint256 constant RAD = 1e45;

/**
 * @title WadRayMath
 *
 * @notice This library provides mul/div[up/down] functionality for WAD, RAY and
 * RAD with phantom overflow protection as well as scale[up/down] functionality
 * for WAD, RAY and RAD.
 *
 * @custom:security-contact [email protected]
 */
library WadRayMath {
    using Math for uint256;

    error NotScalingUp(uint256 from, uint256 to);
    error NotScalingDown(uint256 from, uint256 to);

    /**
     * @notice Multiplies two WAD numbers and returns the result as a WAD
     * rounding the result down.
     * @param a Multiplicand.
     * @param b Multiplier.
     */
    function wadMulDown(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return a.mulDiv(b, WAD);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Multiplies two WAD numbers and returns the result as a WAD
     * rounding the result up.
     * @param a Multiplicand.
     * @param b Multiplier.
     */
    function wadMulUp(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return a.mulDiv(b, WAD, Math.Rounding.Ceil);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Divides two WAD numbers and returns the result as a WAD rounding
     * the result down.
     * @param a Dividend.
     * @param b Divisor.
     */
    function wadDivDown(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return a.mulDiv(WAD, b);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Divides two WAD numbers and returns the result as a WAD rounding
     * the result up.
     * @param a Dividend.
     * @param b Divisor.
     */
    function wadDivUp(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return a.mulDiv(WAD, b, Math.Rounding.Ceil);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Multiplies two RAY numbers and returns the result as a RAY
     * rounding the result down.
     * @param a Multiplicand
     * @param b Multiplier
     */
    function rayMulDown(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return a.mulDiv(b, RAY);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Multiplies two RAY numbers and returns the result as a RAY
     * rounding the result up.
     * @param a Multiplicand
     * @param b Multiplier
     */
    function rayMulUp(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return a.mulDiv(b, RAY, Math.Rounding.Ceil);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Divides two RAY numbers and returns the result as a RAY
     * rounding the result down.
     * @param a Dividend
     * @param b Divisor
     */
    function rayDivDown(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return a.mulDiv(RAY, b);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Divides two RAY numbers and returns the result as a RAY
     * rounding the result up.
     * @param a Dividend
     * @param b Divisor
     */
    function rayDivUp(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return a.mulDiv(RAY, b, Math.Rounding.Ceil);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Multiplies two RAD numbers and returns the result as a RAD
     * rounding the result down.
     * @param a Multiplicand
     * @param b Multiplier
     */
    function radMulDown(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return a.mulDiv(b, RAD);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Multiplies two RAD numbers and returns the result as a RAD
     * rounding the result up.
     * @param a Multiplicand
     * @param b Multiplier
     */
    function radMulUp(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return a.mulDiv(b, RAD, Math.Rounding.Ceil);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Divides two RAD numbers and returns the result as a RAD rounding
     * the result down.
     * @param a Dividend
     * @param b Divisor
     */
    function radDivDown(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return a.mulDiv(RAD, b);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Divides two RAD numbers and returns the result as a RAD rounding
     * the result up.
     * @param a Dividend
     * @param b Divisor
     */
    function radDivUp(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return a.mulDiv(RAD, b, Math.Rounding.Ceil);
    }

    // --- Scalers ---

    /**
     * @notice Scales a value up from WAD. NOTE: The `scale` value must be
     * less than 18.
     * @param value to scale up.
     * @param scale of the returned value.
     */
    function scaleUpToWad(uint256 value, uint256 scale) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return scaleUp(value, scale, 18);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Scales a value up from RAY. NOTE: The `scale` value must be
     * less than 27.
     * @param value to scale up.
     * @param scale of the returned value.
     */
    function scaleUpToRay(uint256 value, uint256 scale) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return scaleUp(value, scale, 27);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Scales a value up from RAD. NOTE: The `scale` value must be
     * less than 45.
     * @param value to scale up.
     * @param scale of the returned value.
     */
    function scaleUpToRad(uint256 value, uint256 scale) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return scaleUp(value, scale, 45);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Scales a value down to WAD. NOTE: The `scale` value must be
     * greater than 18.
     * @param value to scale down.
     * @param scale of the returned value.
     */
    function scaleDownToWad(uint256 value, uint256 scale) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return scaleDown(value, scale, 18);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Scales a value down to RAY. NOTE: The `scale` value must be
     * greater than 27.
     * @param value to scale down.
     * @param scale of the returned value.
     */
    function scaleDownToRay(uint256 value, uint256 scale) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return scaleDown(value, scale, 27);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Scales a value down to RAD. NOTE: The `scale` value must be
     * greater than 45.
     * @param value to scale down.
     * @param scale of the returned value.
     */
    function scaleDownToRad(uint256 value, uint256 scale) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return scaleDown(value, scale, 45);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Scales a value up from one fixed-point precision to another.
     * @param value to scale up.
     * @param from Precision to scale from.
     * @param to Precision to scale to.
     */
    function scaleUp(uint256 value, uint256 from, uint256 to) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        if (from >= to) revert NotScalingUp(from, to);
        return value * (10 ** (to - from));
    }

    /**
     * @notice Scales a value down from one fixed-point precision to another.
     * @param value to scale down.
     * @param from Precision to scale from.
     * @param to Precision to scale to.
     */
    function scaleDown(uint256 value, uint256 from, uint256 to) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        if (from <= to) revert NotScalingDown(from, to);
        return value / (10 ** (from - to));
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (token/ERC20/IERC20.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

/**
 * @dev Interface of the ERC20 standard as defined in the EIP.
 */
interface IERC20 {
    /**
     * @dev Emitted when `value` tokens are moved from one account (`from`) to
     * another (`to`).
     *
     * Note that `value` may be zero.
     */
    event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 value);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when the allowance of a `spender` for an `owner` is set by
     * a call to {approve}. `value` is the new allowance.
     */
    event Approval(address indexed owner, address indexed spender, uint256 value);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the value of tokens in existence.
     */
    function totalSupply() external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the value of tokens owned by `account`.
     */
    function balanceOf(address account) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Moves a `value` amount of tokens from the caller's account to `to`.
     *
     * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function transfer(address to, uint256 value) external returns (bool);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the remaining number of tokens that `spender` will be
     * allowed to spend on behalf of `owner` through {transferFrom}. This is
     * zero by default.
     *
     * This value changes when {approve} or {transferFrom} are called.
     */
    function allowance(address owner, address spender) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Sets a `value` amount of tokens as the allowance of `spender` over the
     * caller's tokens.
     *
     * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: Beware that changing an allowance with this method brings the risk
     * that someone may use both the old and the new allowance by unfortunate
     * transaction ordering. One possible solution to mitigate this race
     * condition is to first reduce the spender's allowance to 0 and set the
     * desired value afterwards:
     * https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/20#issuecomment-263524729
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event.
     */
    function approve(address spender, uint256 value) external returns (bool);

    /**
     * @dev Moves a `value` amount of tokens from `from` to `to` using the
     * allowance mechanism. `value` is then deducted from the caller's
     * allowance.
     *
     * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function transferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 value) external returns (bool);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (token/ERC20/utils/SafeERC20.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {IERC20} from "../IERC20.sol";
import {IERC20Permit} from "../extensions/IERC20Permit.sol";
import {Address} from "../../../utils/Address.sol";

/**
 * @title SafeERC20
 * @dev Wrappers around ERC20 operations that throw on failure (when the token
 * contract returns false). Tokens that return no value (and instead revert or
 * throw on failure) are also supported, non-reverting calls are assumed to be
 * successful.
 * To use this library you can add a `using SafeERC20 for IERC20;` statement to your contract,
 * which allows you to call the safe operations as `token.safeTransfer(...)`, etc.
 */
library SafeERC20 {
    using Address for address;

    /**
     * @dev An operation with an ERC20 token failed.
     */
    error SafeERC20FailedOperation(address token);

    /**
     * @dev Indicates a failed `decreaseAllowance` request.
     */
    error SafeERC20FailedDecreaseAllowance(address spender, uint256 currentAllowance, uint256 requestedDecrease);

    /**
     * @dev Transfer `value` amount of `token` from the calling contract to `to`. If `token` returns no value,
     * non-reverting calls are assumed to be successful.
     */
    function safeTransfer(IERC20 token, address to, uint256 value) internal {
        _callOptionalReturn(token, abi.encodeCall(token.transfer, (to, value)));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Transfer `value` amount of `token` from `from` to `to`, spending the approval given by `from` to the
     * calling contract. If `token` returns no value, non-reverting calls are assumed to be successful.
     */
    function safeTransferFrom(IERC20 token, address from, address to, uint256 value) internal {
        _callOptionalReturn(token, abi.encodeCall(token.transferFrom, (from, to, value)));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Increase the calling contract's allowance toward `spender` by `value`. If `token` returns no value,
     * non-reverting calls are assumed to be successful.
     */
    function safeIncreaseAllowance(IERC20 token, address spender, uint256 value) internal {
        uint256 oldAllowance = token.allowance(address(this), spender);
        forceApprove(token, spender, oldAllowance + value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Decrease the calling contract's allowance toward `spender` by `requestedDecrease`. If `token` returns no
     * value, non-reverting calls are assumed to be successful.
     */
    function safeDecreaseAllowance(IERC20 token, address spender, uint256 requestedDecrease) internal {
        unchecked {
            uint256 currentAllowance = token.allowance(address(this), spender);
            if (currentAllowance < requestedDecrease) {
                revert SafeERC20FailedDecreaseAllowance(spender, currentAllowance, requestedDecrease);
            }
            forceApprove(token, spender, currentAllowance - requestedDecrease);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Set the calling contract's allowance toward `spender` to `value`. If `token` returns no value,
     * non-reverting calls are assumed to be successful. Meant to be used with tokens that require the approval
     * to be set to zero before setting it to a non-zero value, such as USDT.
     */
    function forceApprove(IERC20 token, address spender, uint256 value) internal {
        bytes memory approvalCall = abi.encodeCall(token.approve, (spender, value));

        if (!_callOptionalReturnBool(token, approvalCall)) {
            _callOptionalReturn(token, abi.encodeCall(token.approve, (spender, 0)));
            _callOptionalReturn(token, approvalCall);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Imitates a Solidity high-level call (i.e. a regular function call to a contract), relaxing the requirement
     * on the return value: the return value is optional (but if data is returned, it must not be false).
     * @param token The token targeted by the call.
     * @param data The call data (encoded using abi.encode or one of its variants).
     */
    function _callOptionalReturn(IERC20 token, bytes memory data) private {
        // We need to perform a low level call here, to bypass Solidity's return data size checking mechanism, since
        // we're implementing it ourselves. We use {Address-functionCall} to perform this call, which verifies that
        // the target address contains contract code and also asserts for success in the low-level call.

        bytes memory returndata = address(token).functionCall(data);
        if (returndata.length != 0 && !abi.decode(returndata, (bool))) {
            revert SafeERC20FailedOperation(address(token));
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Imitates a Solidity high-level call (i.e. a regular function call to a contract), relaxing the requirement
     * on the return value: the return value is optional (but if data is returned, it must not be false).
     * @param token The token targeted by the call.
     * @param data The call data (encoded using abi.encode or one of its variants).
     *
     * This is a variant of {_callOptionalReturn} that silents catches all reverts and returns a bool instead.
     */
    function _callOptionalReturnBool(IERC20 token, bytes memory data) private returns (bool) {
        // We need to perform a low level call here, to bypass Solidity's return data size checking mechanism, since
        // we're implementing it ourselves. We cannot use {Address-functionCall} here since this should return false
        // and not revert is the subcall reverts.

        (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = address(token).call(data);
        return success && (returndata.length == 0 || abi.decode(returndata, (bool))) && address(token).code.length > 0;
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (utils/math/SafeCast.sol)
// This file was procedurally generated from scripts/generate/templates/SafeCast.js.

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

/**
 * @dev Wrappers over Solidity's uintXX/intXX casting operators with added overflow
 * checks.
 *
 * Downcasting from uint256/int256 in Solidity does not revert on overflow. This can
 * easily result in undesired exploitation or bugs, since developers usually
 * assume that overflows raise errors. `SafeCast` restores this intuition by
 * reverting the transaction when such an operation overflows.
 *
 * Using this library instead of the unchecked operations eliminates an entire
 * class of bugs, so it's recommended to use it always.
 */
library SafeCast {
    /**
     * @dev Value doesn't fit in an uint of `bits` size.
     */
    error SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(uint8 bits, uint256 value);

    /**
     * @dev An int value doesn't fit in an uint of `bits` size.
     */
    error SafeCastOverflowedIntToUint(int256 value);

    /**
     * @dev Value doesn't fit in an int of `bits` size.
     */
    error SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(uint8 bits, int256 value);

    /**
     * @dev An uint value doesn't fit in an int of `bits` size.
     */
    error SafeCastOverflowedUintToInt(uint256 value);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint248 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint248).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint248` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 248 bits
     */
    function toUint248(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint248) {
        if (value > type(uint248).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(248, value);
        }
        return uint248(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint240 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint240).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint240` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 240 bits
     */
    function toUint240(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint240) {
        if (value > type(uint240).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(240, value);
        }
        return uint240(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint232 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint232).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint232` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 232 bits
     */
    function toUint232(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint232) {
        if (value > type(uint232).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(232, value);
        }
        return uint232(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint224 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint224).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint224` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 224 bits
     */
    function toUint224(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint224) {
        if (value > type(uint224).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(224, value);
        }
        return uint224(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint216 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint216).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint216` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 216 bits
     */
    function toUint216(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint216) {
        if (value > type(uint216).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(216, value);
        }
        return uint216(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint208 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint208).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint208` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 208 bits
     */
    function toUint208(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint208) {
        if (value > type(uint208).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(208, value);
        }
        return uint208(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint200 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint200).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint200` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 200 bits
     */
    function toUint200(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint200) {
        if (value > type(uint200).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(200, value);
        }
        return uint200(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint192 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint192).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint192` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 192 bits
     */
    function toUint192(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint192) {
        if (value > type(uint192).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(192, value);
        }
        return uint192(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint184 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint184).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint184` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 184 bits
     */
    function toUint184(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint184) {
        if (value > type(uint184).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(184, value);
        }
        return uint184(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint176 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint176).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint176` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 176 bits
     */
    function toUint176(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint176) {
        if (value > type(uint176).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(176, value);
        }
        return uint176(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint168 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint168).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint168` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 168 bits
     */
    function toUint168(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint168) {
        if (value > type(uint168).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(168, value);
        }
        return uint168(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint160 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint160).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint160` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 160 bits
     */
    function toUint160(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint160) {
        if (value > type(uint160).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(160, value);
        }
        return uint160(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint152 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint152).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint152` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 152 bits
     */
    function toUint152(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint152) {
        if (value > type(uint152).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(152, value);
        }
        return uint152(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint144 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint144).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint144` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 144 bits
     */
    function toUint144(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint144) {
        if (value > type(uint144).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(144, value);
        }
        return uint144(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint136 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint136).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint136` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 136 bits
     */
    function toUint136(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint136) {
        if (value > type(uint136).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(136, value);
        }
        return uint136(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint128 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint128).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint128` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 128 bits
     */
    function toUint128(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint128) {
        if (value > type(uint128).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(128, value);
        }
        return uint128(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint120 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint120).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint120` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 120 bits
     */
    function toUint120(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint120) {
        if (value > type(uint120).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(120, value);
        }
        return uint120(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint112 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint112).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint112` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 112 bits
     */
    function toUint112(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint112) {
        if (value > type(uint112).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(112, value);
        }
        return uint112(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint104 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint104).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint104` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 104 bits
     */
    function toUint104(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint104) {
        if (value > type(uint104).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(104, value);
        }
        return uint104(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint96 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint96).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint96` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 96 bits
     */
    function toUint96(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint96) {
        if (value > type(uint96).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(96, value);
        }
        return uint96(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint88 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint88).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint88` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 88 bits
     */
    function toUint88(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint88) {
        if (value > type(uint88).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(88, value);
        }
        return uint88(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint80 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint80).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint80` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 80 bits
     */
    function toUint80(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint80) {
        if (value > type(uint80).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(80, value);
        }
        return uint80(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint72 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint72).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint72` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 72 bits
     */
    function toUint72(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint72) {
        if (value > type(uint72).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(72, value);
        }
        return uint72(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint64 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint64).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint64` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 64 bits
     */
    function toUint64(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint64) {
        if (value > type(uint64).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(64, value);
        }
        return uint64(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint56 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint56).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint56` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 56 bits
     */
    function toUint56(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint56) {
        if (value > type(uint56).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(56, value);
        }
        return uint56(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint48 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint48).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint48` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 48 bits
     */
    function toUint48(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint48) {
        if (value > type(uint48).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(48, value);
        }
        return uint48(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint40 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint40).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint40` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 40 bits
     */
    function toUint40(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint40) {
        if (value > type(uint40).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(40, value);
        }
        return uint40(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint32 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint32).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint32` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 32 bits
     */
    function toUint32(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint32) {
        if (value > type(uint32).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(32, value);
        }
        return uint32(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint24 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint24).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint24` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 24 bits
     */
    function toUint24(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint24) {
        if (value > type(uint24).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(24, value);
        }
        return uint24(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint16 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint16).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint16` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 16 bits
     */
    function toUint16(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint16) {
        if (value > type(uint16).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(16, value);
        }
        return uint16(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint8 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint8).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint8` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 8 bits
     */
    function toUint8(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint8) {
        if (value > type(uint8).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(8, value);
        }
        return uint8(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Converts a signed int256 into an unsigned uint256.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must be greater than or equal to 0.
     */
    function toUint256(int256 value) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        if (value < 0) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntToUint(value);
        }
        return uint256(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int248 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int248 or
     * greater than largest int248).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int248` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 248 bits
     */
    function toInt248(int256 value) internal pure returns (int248 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int248(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(248, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int240 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int240 or
     * greater than largest int240).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int240` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 240 bits
     */
    function toInt240(int256 value) internal pure returns (int240 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int240(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(240, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int232 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int232 or
     * greater than largest int232).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int232` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 232 bits
     */
    function toInt232(int256 value) internal pure returns (int232 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int232(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(232, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int224 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int224 or
     * greater than largest int224).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int224` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 224 bits
     */
    function toInt224(int256 value) internal pure returns (int224 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int224(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(224, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int216 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int216 or
     * greater than largest int216).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int216` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 216 bits
     */
    function toInt216(int256 value) internal pure returns (int216 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int216(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(216, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int208 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int208 or
     * greater than largest int208).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int208` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 208 bits
     */
    function toInt208(int256 value) internal pure returns (int208 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int208(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(208, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int200 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int200 or
     * greater than largest int200).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int200` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 200 bits
     */
    function toInt200(int256 value) internal pure returns (int200 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int200(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(200, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int192 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int192 or
     * greater than largest int192).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int192` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 192 bits
     */
    function toInt192(int256 value) internal pure returns (int192 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int192(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(192, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int184 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int184 or
     * greater than largest int184).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int184` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 184 bits
     */
    function toInt184(int256 value) internal pure returns (int184 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int184(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(184, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int176 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int176 or
     * greater than largest int176).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int176` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 176 bits
     */
    function toInt176(int256 value) internal pure returns (int176 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int176(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(176, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int168 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int168 or
     * greater than largest int168).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int168` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 168 bits
     */
    function toInt168(int256 value) internal pure returns (int168 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int168(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(168, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int160 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int160 or
     * greater than largest int160).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int160` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 160 bits
     */
    function toInt160(int256 value) internal pure returns (int160 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int160(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(160, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int152 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int152 or
     * greater than largest int152).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int152` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 152 bits
     */
    function toInt152(int256 value) internal pure returns (int152 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int152(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(152, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int144 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int144 or
     * greater than largest int144).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int144` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 144 bits
     */
    function toInt144(int256 value) internal pure returns (int144 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int144(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(144, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int136 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int136 or
     * greater than largest int136).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int136` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 136 bits
     */
    function toInt136(int256 value) internal pure returns (int136 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int136(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(136, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int128 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int128 or
     * greater than largest int128).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int128` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 128 bits
     */
    function toInt128(int256 value) internal pure returns (int128 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int128(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(128, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int120 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int120 or
     * greater than largest int120).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int120` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 120 bits
     */
    function toInt120(int256 value) internal pure returns (int120 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int120(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(120, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int112 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int112 or
     * greater than largest int112).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int112` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 112 bits
     */
    function toInt112(int256 value) internal pure returns (int112 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int112(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(112, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int104 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int104 or
     * greater than largest int104).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int104` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 104 bits
     */
    function toInt104(int256 value) internal pure returns (int104 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int104(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(104, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int96 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int96 or
     * greater than largest int96).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int96` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 96 bits
     */
    function toInt96(int256 value) internal pure returns (int96 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int96(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(96, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int88 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int88 or
     * greater than largest int88).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int88` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 88 bits
     */
    function toInt88(int256 value) internal pure returns (int88 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int88(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(88, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int80 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int80 or
     * greater than largest int80).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int80` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 80 bits
     */
    function toInt80(int256 value) internal pure returns (int80 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int80(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(80, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int72 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int72 or
     * greater than largest int72).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int72` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 72 bits
     */
    function toInt72(int256 value) internal pure returns (int72 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int72(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(72, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int64 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int64 or
     * greater than largest int64).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int64` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 64 bits
     */
    function toInt64(int256 value) internal pure returns (int64 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int64(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(64, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int56 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int56 or
     * greater than largest int56).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int56` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 56 bits
     */
    function toInt56(int256 value) internal pure returns (int56 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int56(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(56, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int48 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int48 or
     * greater than largest int48).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int48` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 48 bits
     */
    function toInt48(int256 value) internal pure returns (int48 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int48(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(48, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int40 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int40 or
     * greater than largest int40).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int40` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 40 bits
     */
    function toInt40(int256 value) internal pure returns (int40 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int40(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(40, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int32 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int32 or
     * greater than largest int32).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int32` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 32 bits
     */
    function toInt32(int256 value) internal pure returns (int32 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int32(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(32, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int24 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int24 or
     * greater than largest int24).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int24` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 24 bits
     */
    function toInt24(int256 value) internal pure returns (int24 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int24(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(24, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int16 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int16 or
     * greater than largest int16).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int16` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 16 bits
     */
    function toInt16(int256 value) internal pure returns (int16 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int16(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(16, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int8 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int8 or
     * greater than largest int8).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int8` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 8 bits
     */
    function toInt8(int256 value) internal pure returns (int8 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int8(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(8, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Converts an unsigned uint256 into a signed int256.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must be less than or equal to maxInt256.
     */
    function toInt256(uint256 value) internal pure returns (int256) {
        // Note: Unsafe cast below is okay because `type(int256).max` is guaranteed to be positive
        if (value > uint256(type(int256).max)) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintToInt(value);
        }
        return int256(value);
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (utils/structs/EnumerableSet.sol)
// This file was procedurally generated from scripts/generate/templates/EnumerableSet.js.

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

/**
 * @dev Library for managing
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_(abstract_data_type)[sets] of primitive
 * types.
 *
 * Sets have the following properties:
 *
 * - Elements are added, removed, and checked for existence in constant time
 * (O(1)).
 * - Elements are enumerated in O(n). No guarantees are made on the ordering.
 *
 * ```solidity
 * contract Example {
 *     // Add the library methods
 *     using EnumerableSet for EnumerableSet.AddressSet;
 *
 *     // Declare a set state variable
 *     EnumerableSet.AddressSet private mySet;
 * }
 * ```
 *
 * As of v3.3.0, sets of type `bytes32` (`Bytes32Set`), `address` (`AddressSet`)
 * and `uint256` (`UintSet`) are supported.
 *
 * [WARNING]
 * ====
 * Trying to delete such a structure from storage will likely result in data corruption, rendering the structure
 * unusable.
 * See https://github.com/ethereum/solidity/pull/11843[ethereum/solidity#11843] for more info.
 *
 * In order to clean an EnumerableSet, you can either remove all elements one by one or create a fresh instance using an
 * array of EnumerableSet.
 * ====
 */
library EnumerableSet {
    // To implement this library for multiple types with as little code
    // repetition as possible, we write it in terms of a generic Set type with
    // bytes32 values.
    // The Set implementation uses private functions, and user-facing
    // implementations (such as AddressSet) are just wrappers around the
    // underlying Set.
    // This means that we can only create new EnumerableSets for types that fit
    // in bytes32.

    struct Set {
        // Storage of set values
        bytes32[] _values;
        // Position is the index of the value in the `values` array plus 1.
        // Position 0 is used to mean a value is not in the set.
        mapping(bytes32 value => uint256) _positions;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Add a value to a set. O(1).
     *
     * Returns true if the value was added to the set, that is if it was not
     * already present.
     */
    function _add(Set storage set, bytes32 value) private returns (bool) {
        if (!_contains(set, value)) {
            set._values.push(value);
            // The value is stored at length-1, but we add 1 to all indexes
            // and use 0 as a sentinel value
            set._positions[value] = set._values.length;
            return true;
        } else {
            return false;
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Removes a value from a set. O(1).
     *
     * Returns true if the value was removed from the set, that is if it was
     * present.
     */
    function _remove(Set storage set, bytes32 value) private returns (bool) {
        // We cache the value's position to prevent multiple reads from the same storage slot
        uint256 position = set._positions[value];

        if (position != 0) {
            // Equivalent to contains(set, value)
            // To delete an element from the _values array in O(1), we swap the element to delete with the last one in
            // the array, and then remove the last element (sometimes called as 'swap and pop').
            // This modifies the order of the array, as noted in {at}.

            uint256 valueIndex = position - 1;
            uint256 lastIndex = set._values.length - 1;

            if (valueIndex != lastIndex) {
                bytes32 lastValue = set._values[lastIndex];

                // Move the lastValue to the index where the value to delete is
                set._values[valueIndex] = lastValue;
                // Update the tracked position of the lastValue (that was just moved)
                set._positions[lastValue] = position;
            }

            // Delete the slot where the moved value was stored
            set._values.pop();

            // Delete the tracked position for the deleted slot
            delete set._positions[value];

            return true;
        } else {
            return false;
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns true if the value is in the set. O(1).
     */
    function _contains(Set storage set, bytes32 value) private view returns (bool) {
        return set._positions[value] != 0;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the number of values on the set. O(1).
     */
    function _length(Set storage set) private view returns (uint256) {
        return set._values.length;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the value stored at position `index` in the set. O(1).
     *
     * Note that there are no guarantees on the ordering of values inside the
     * array, and it may change when more values are added or removed.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `index` must be strictly less than {length}.
     */
    function _at(Set storage set, uint256 index) private view returns (bytes32) {
        return set._values[index];
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the entire set in an array
     *
     * WARNING: This operation will copy the entire storage to memory, which can be quite expensive. This is designed
     * to mostly be used by view accessors that are queried without any gas fees. Developers should keep in mind that
     * this function has an unbounded cost, and using it as part of a state-changing function may render the function
     * uncallable if the set grows to a point where copying to memory consumes too much gas to fit in a block.
     */
    function _values(Set storage set) private view returns (bytes32[] memory) {
        return set._values;
    }

    // Bytes32Set

    struct Bytes32Set {
        Set _inner;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Add a value to a set. O(1).
     *
     * Returns true if the value was added to the set, that is if it was not
     * already present.
     */
    function add(Bytes32Set storage set, bytes32 value) internal returns (bool) {
        return _add(set._inner, value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Removes a value from a set. O(1).
     *
     * Returns true if the value was removed from the set, that is if it was
     * present.
     */
    function remove(Bytes32Set storage set, bytes32 value) internal returns (bool) {
        return _remove(set._inner, value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns true if the value is in the set. O(1).
     */
    function contains(Bytes32Set storage set, bytes32 value) internal view returns (bool) {
        return _contains(set._inner, value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the number of values in the set. O(1).
     */
    function length(Bytes32Set storage set) internal view returns (uint256) {
        return _length(set._inner);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the value stored at position `index` in the set. O(1).
     *
     * Note that there are no guarantees on the ordering of values inside the
     * array, and it may change when more values are added or removed.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `index` must be strictly less than {length}.
     */
    function at(Bytes32Set storage set, uint256 index) internal view returns (bytes32) {
        return _at(set._inner, index);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the entire set in an array
     *
     * WARNING: This operation will copy the entire storage to memory, which can be quite expensive. This is designed
     * to mostly be used by view accessors that are queried without any gas fees. Developers should keep in mind that
     * this function has an unbounded cost, and using it as part of a state-changing function may render the function
     * uncallable if the set grows to a point where copying to memory consumes too much gas to fit in a block.
     */
    function values(Bytes32Set storage set) internal view returns (bytes32[] memory) {
        bytes32[] memory store = _values(set._inner);
        bytes32[] memory result;

        /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
        assembly {
            result := store
        }

        return result;
    }

    // AddressSet

    struct AddressSet {
        Set _inner;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Add a value to a set. O(1).
     *
     * Returns true if the value was added to the set, that is if it was not
     * already present.
     */
    function add(AddressSet storage set, address value) internal returns (bool) {
        return _add(set._inner, bytes32(uint256(uint160(value))));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Removes a value from a set. O(1).
     *
     * Returns true if the value was removed from the set, that is if it was
     * present.
     */
    function remove(AddressSet storage set, address value) internal returns (bool) {
        return _remove(set._inner, bytes32(uint256(uint160(value))));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns true if the value is in the set. O(1).
     */
    function contains(AddressSet storage set, address value) internal view returns (bool) {
        return _contains(set._inner, bytes32(uint256(uint160(value))));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the number of values in the set. O(1).
     */
    function length(AddressSet storage set) internal view returns (uint256) {
        return _length(set._inner);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the value stored at position `index` in the set. O(1).
     *
     * Note that there are no guarantees on the ordering of values inside the
     * array, and it may change when more values are added or removed.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `index` must be strictly less than {length}.
     */
    function at(AddressSet storage set, uint256 index) internal view returns (address) {
        return address(uint160(uint256(_at(set._inner, index))));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the entire set in an array
     *
     * WARNING: This operation will copy the entire storage to memory, which can be quite expensive. This is designed
     * to mostly be used by view accessors that are queried without any gas fees. Developers should keep in mind that
     * this function has an unbounded cost, and using it as part of a state-changing function may render the function
     * uncallable if the set grows to a point where copying to memory consumes too much gas to fit in a block.
     */
    function values(AddressSet storage set) internal view returns (address[] memory) {
        bytes32[] memory store = _values(set._inner);
        address[] memory result;

        /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
        assembly {
            result := store
        }

        return result;
    }

    // UintSet

    struct UintSet {
        Set _inner;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Add a value to a set. O(1).
     *
     * Returns true if the value was added to the set, that is if it was not
     * already present.
     */
    function add(UintSet storage set, uint256 value) internal returns (bool) {
        return _add(set._inner, bytes32(value));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Removes a value from a set. O(1).
     *
     * Returns true if the value was removed from the set, that is if it was
     * present.
     */
    function remove(UintSet storage set, uint256 value) internal returns (bool) {
        return _remove(set._inner, bytes32(value));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns true if the value is in the set. O(1).
     */
    function contains(UintSet storage set, uint256 value) internal view returns (bool) {
        return _contains(set._inner, bytes32(value));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the number of values in the set. O(1).
     */
    function length(UintSet storage set) internal view returns (uint256) {
        return _length(set._inner);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the value stored at position `index` in the set. O(1).
     *
     * Note that there are no guarantees on the ordering of values inside the
     * array, and it may change when more values are added or removed.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `index` must be strictly less than {length}.
     */
    function at(UintSet storage set, uint256 index) internal view returns (uint256) {
        return uint256(_at(set._inner, index));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the entire set in an array
     *
     * WARNING: This operation will copy the entire storage to memory, which can be quite expensive. This is designed
     * to mostly be used by view accessors that are queried without any gas fees. Developers should keep in mind that
     * this function has an unbounded cost, and using it as part of a state-changing function may render the function
     * uncallable if the set grows to a point where copying to memory consumes too much gas to fit in a block.
     */
    function values(UintSet storage set) internal view returns (uint256[] memory) {
        bytes32[] memory store = _values(set._inner);
        uint256[] memory result;

        /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
        assembly {
            result := store
        }

        return result;
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (utils/math/Math.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

/**
 * @dev Standard math utilities missing in the Solidity language.
 */
library Math {
    /**
     * @dev Muldiv operation overflow.
     */
    error MathOverflowedMulDiv();

    enum Rounding {
        Floor, // Toward negative infinity
        Ceil, // Toward positive infinity
        Trunc, // Toward zero
        Expand // Away from zero
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the addition of two unsigned integers, with an overflow flag.
     */
    function tryAdd(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (bool, uint256) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 c = a + b;
            if (c < a) return (false, 0);
            return (true, c);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the subtraction of two unsigned integers, with an overflow flag.
     */
    function trySub(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (bool, uint256) {
        unchecked {
            if (b > a) return (false, 0);
            return (true, a - b);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the multiplication of two unsigned integers, with an overflow flag.
     */
    function tryMul(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (bool, uint256) {
        unchecked {
            // Gas optimization: this is cheaper than requiring 'a' not being zero, but the
            // benefit is lost if 'b' is also tested.
            // See: https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-contracts/pull/522
            if (a == 0) return (true, 0);
            uint256 c = a * b;
            if (c / a != b) return (false, 0);
            return (true, c);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the division of two unsigned integers, with a division by zero flag.
     */
    function tryDiv(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (bool, uint256) {
        unchecked {
            if (b == 0) return (false, 0);
            return (true, a / b);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the remainder of dividing two unsigned integers, with a division by zero flag.
     */
    function tryMod(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (bool, uint256) {
        unchecked {
            if (b == 0) return (false, 0);
            return (true, a % b);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the largest of two numbers.
     */
    function max(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return a > b ? a : b;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the smallest of two numbers.
     */
    function min(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return a < b ? a : b;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the average of two numbers. The result is rounded towards
     * zero.
     */
    function average(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        // (a + b) / 2 can overflow.
        return (a & b) + (a ^ b) / 2;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the ceiling of the division of two numbers.
     *
     * This differs from standard division with `/` in that it rounds towards infinity instead
     * of rounding towards zero.
     */
    function ceilDiv(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        if (b == 0) {
            // Guarantee the same behavior as in a regular Solidity division.
            return a / b;
        }

        // (a + b - 1) / b can overflow on addition, so we distribute.
        return a == 0 ? 0 : (a - 1) / b + 1;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Calculates floor(x * y / denominator) with full precision. Throws if result overflows a uint256 or
     * denominator == 0.
     * @dev Original credit to Remco Bloemen under MIT license (https://xn--2-umb.com/21/muldiv) with further edits by
     * Uniswap Labs also under MIT license.
     */
    function mulDiv(uint256 x, uint256 y, uint256 denominator) internal pure returns (uint256 result) {
        unchecked {
            // 512-bit multiply [prod1 prod0] = x * y. Compute the product mod 2^256 and mod 2^256 - 1, then use
            // use the Chinese Remainder Theorem to reconstruct the 512 bit result. The result is stored in two 256
            // variables such that product = prod1 * 2^256 + prod0.
            uint256 prod0 = x * y; // Least significant 256 bits of the product
            uint256 prod1; // Most significant 256 bits of the product
            assembly {
                let mm := mulmod(x, y, not(0))
                prod1 := sub(sub(mm, prod0), lt(mm, prod0))
            }

            // Handle non-overflow cases, 256 by 256 division.
            if (prod1 == 0) {
                // Solidity will revert if denominator == 0, unlike the div opcode on its own.
                // The surrounding unchecked block does not change this fact.
                // See https://docs.soliditylang.org/en/latest/control-structures.html#checked-or-unchecked-arithmetic.
                return prod0 / denominator;
            }

            // Make sure the result is less than 2^256. Also prevents denominator == 0.
            if (denominator <= prod1) {
                revert MathOverflowedMulDiv();
            }

            ///////////////////////////////////////////////
            // 512 by 256 division.
            ///////////////////////////////////////////////

            // Make division exact by subtracting the remainder from [prod1 prod0].
            uint256 remainder;
            assembly {
                // Compute remainder using mulmod.
                remainder := mulmod(x, y, denominator)

                // Subtract 256 bit number from 512 bit number.
                prod1 := sub(prod1, gt(remainder, prod0))
                prod0 := sub(prod0, remainder)
            }

            // Factor powers of two out of denominator and compute largest power of two divisor of denominator.
            // Always >= 1. See https://cs.stackexchange.com/q/138556/92363.

            uint256 twos = denominator & (0 - denominator);
            assembly {
                // Divide denominator by twos.
                denominator := div(denominator, twos)

                // Divide [prod1 prod0] by twos.
                prod0 := div(prod0, twos)

                // Flip twos such that it is 2^256 / twos. If twos is zero, then it becomes one.
                twos := add(div(sub(0, twos), twos), 1)
            }

            // Shift in bits from prod1 into prod0.
            prod0 |= prod1 * twos;

            // Invert denominator mod 2^256. Now that denominator is an odd number, it has an inverse modulo 2^256 such
            // that denominator * inv = 1 mod 2^256. Compute the inverse by starting with a seed that is correct for
            // four bits. That is, denominator * inv = 1 mod 2^4.
            uint256 inverse = (3 * denominator) ^ 2;

            // Use the Newton-Raphson iteration to improve the precision. Thanks to Hensel's lifting lemma, this also
            // works in modular arithmetic, doubling the correct bits in each step.
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^8
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^16
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^32
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^64
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^128
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^256

            // Because the division is now exact we can divide by multiplying with the modular inverse of denominator.
            // This will give us the correct result modulo 2^256. Since the preconditions guarantee that the outcome is
            // less than 2^256, this is the final result. We don't need to compute the high bits of the result and prod1
            // is no longer required.
            result = prod0 * inverse;
            return result;
        }
    }

    /**
     * @notice Calculates x * y / denominator with full precision, following the selected rounding direction.
     */
    function mulDiv(uint256 x, uint256 y, uint256 denominator, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        uint256 result = mulDiv(x, y, denominator);
        if (unsignedRoundsUp(rounding) && mulmod(x, y, denominator) > 0) {
            result += 1;
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the square root of a number. If the number is not a perfect square, the value is rounded
     * towards zero.
     *
     * Inspired by Henry S. Warren, Jr.'s "Hacker's Delight" (Chapter 11).
     */
    function sqrt(uint256 a) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        if (a == 0) {
            return 0;
        }

        // For our first guess, we get the biggest power of 2 which is smaller than the square root of the target.
        //
        // We know that the "msb" (most significant bit) of our target number `a` is a power of 2 such that we have
        // `msb(a) <= a < 2*msb(a)`. This value can be written `msb(a)=2**k` with `k=log2(a)`.
        //
        // This can be rewritten `2**log2(a) <= a < 2**(log2(a) + 1)`
        // → `sqrt(2**k) <= sqrt(a) < sqrt(2**(k+1))`
        // → `2**(k/2) <= sqrt(a) < 2**((k+1)/2) <= 2**(k/2 + 1)`
        //
        // Consequently, `2**(log2(a) / 2)` is a good first approximation of `sqrt(a)` with at least 1 correct bit.
        uint256 result = 1 << (log2(a) >> 1);

        // At this point `result` is an estimation with one bit of precision. We know the true value is a uint128,
        // since it is the square root of a uint256. Newton's method converges quadratically (precision doubles at
        // every iteration). We thus need at most 7 iteration to turn our partial result with one bit of precision
        // into the expected uint128 result.
        unchecked {
            result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
            return min(result, a / result);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @notice Calculates sqrt(a), following the selected rounding direction.
     */
    function sqrt(uint256 a, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 result = sqrt(a);
            return result + (unsignedRoundsUp(rounding) && result * result < a ? 1 : 0);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the log in base 2 of a positive value rounded towards zero.
     * Returns 0 if given 0.
     */
    function log2(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        uint256 result = 0;
        unchecked {
            if (value >> 128 > 0) {
                value >>= 128;
                result += 128;
            }
            if (value >> 64 > 0) {
                value >>= 64;
                result += 64;
            }
            if (value >> 32 > 0) {
                value >>= 32;
                result += 32;
            }
            if (value >> 16 > 0) {
                value >>= 16;
                result += 16;
            }
            if (value >> 8 > 0) {
                value >>= 8;
                result += 8;
            }
            if (value >> 4 > 0) {
                value >>= 4;
                result += 4;
            }
            if (value >> 2 > 0) {
                value >>= 2;
                result += 2;
            }
            if (value >> 1 > 0) {
                result += 1;
            }
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the log in base 2, following the selected rounding direction, of a positive value.
     * Returns 0 if given 0.
     */
    function log2(uint256 value, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 result = log2(value);
            return result + (unsignedRoundsUp(rounding) && 1 << result < value ? 1 : 0);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the log in base 10 of a positive value rounded towards zero.
     * Returns 0 if given 0.
     */
    function log10(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        uint256 result = 0;
        unchecked {
            if (value >= 10 ** 64) {
                value /= 10 ** 64;
                result += 64;
            }
            if (value >= 10 ** 32) {
                value /= 10 ** 32;
                result += 32;
            }
            if (value >= 10 ** 16) {
                value /= 10 ** 16;
                result += 16;
            }
            if (value >= 10 ** 8) {
                value /= 10 ** 8;
                result += 8;
            }
            if (value >= 10 ** 4) {
                value /= 10 ** 4;
                result += 4;
            }
            if (value >= 10 ** 2) {
                value /= 10 ** 2;
                result += 2;
            }
            if (value >= 10 ** 1) {
                result += 1;
            }
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the log in base 10, following the selected rounding direction, of a positive value.
     * Returns 0 if given 0.
     */
    function log10(uint256 value, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 result = log10(value);
            return result + (unsignedRoundsUp(rounding) && 10 ** result < value ? 1 : 0);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the log in base 256 of a positive value rounded towards zero.
     * Returns 0 if given 0.
     *
     * Adding one to the result gives the number of pairs of hex symbols needed to represent `value` as a hex string.
     */
    function log256(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        uint256 result = 0;
        unchecked {
            if (value >> 128 > 0) {
                value >>= 128;
                result += 16;
            }
            if (value >> 64 > 0) {
                value >>= 64;
                result += 8;
            }
            if (value >> 32 > 0) {
                value >>= 32;
                result += 4;
            }
            if (value >> 16 > 0) {
                value >>= 16;
                result += 2;
            }
            if (value >> 8 > 0) {
                result += 1;
            }
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the log in base 256, following the selected rounding direction, of a positive value.
     * Returns 0 if given 0.
     */
    function log256(uint256 value, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 result = log256(value);
            return result + (unsignedRoundsUp(rounding) && 1 << (result << 3) < value ? 1 : 0);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns whether a provided rounding mode is considered rounding up for unsigned integers.
     */
    function unsignedRoundsUp(Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (bool) {
        return uint8(rounding) % 2 == 1;
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (utils/Pausable.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {ContextUpgradeable} from "../utils/ContextUpgradeable.sol";
import {Initializable} from "../proxy/utils/Initializable.sol";

/**
 * @dev Contract module which allows children to implement an emergency stop
 * mechanism that can be triggered by an authorized account.
 *
 * This module is used through inheritance. It will make available the
 * modifiers `whenNotPaused` and `whenPaused`, which can be applied to
 * the functions of your contract. Note that they will not be pausable by
 * simply including this module, only once the modifiers are put in place.
 */
abstract contract PausableUpgradeable is Initializable, ContextUpgradeable {
    /// @custom:storage-location erc7201:openzeppelin.storage.Pausable
    struct PausableStorage {
        bool _paused;
    }

    // keccak256(abi.encode(uint256(keccak256("openzeppelin.storage.Pausable")) - 1)) & ~bytes32(uint256(0xff))
    bytes32 private constant PausableStorageLocation = 0xcd5ed15c6e187e77e9aee88184c21f4f2182ab5827cb3b7e07fbedcd63f03300;

    function _getPausableStorage() private pure returns (PausableStorage storage $) {
        assembly {
            $.slot := PausableStorageLocation
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when the pause is triggered by `account`.
     */
    event Paused(address account);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when the pause is lifted by `account`.
     */
    event Unpaused(address account);

    /**
     * @dev The operation failed because the contract is paused.
     */
    error EnforcedPause();

    /**
     * @dev The operation failed because the contract is not paused.
     */
    error ExpectedPause();

    /**
     * @dev Initializes the contract in unpaused state.
     */
    function __Pausable_init() internal onlyInitializing {
        __Pausable_init_unchained();
    }

    function __Pausable_init_unchained() internal onlyInitializing {
        PausableStorage storage $ = _getPausableStorage();
        $._paused = false;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Modifier to make a function callable only when the contract is not paused.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - The contract must not be paused.
     */
    modifier whenNotPaused() {
        _requireNotPaused();
        _;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Modifier to make a function callable only when the contract is paused.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - The contract must be paused.
     */
    modifier whenPaused() {
        _requirePaused();
        _;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns true if the contract is paused, and false otherwise.
     */
    function paused() public view virtual returns (bool) {
        PausableStorage storage $ = _getPausableStorage();
        return $._paused;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Throws if the contract is paused.
     */
    function _requireNotPaused() internal view virtual {
        if (paused()) {
            revert EnforcedPause();
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Throws if the contract is not paused.
     */
    function _requirePaused() internal view virtual {
        if (!paused()) {
            revert ExpectedPause();
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Triggers stopped state.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - The contract must not be paused.
     */
    function _pause() internal virtual whenNotPaused {
        PausableStorage storage $ = _getPausableStorage();
        $._paused = true;
        emit Paused(_msgSender());
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns to normal state.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - The contract must be paused.
     */
    function _unpause() internal virtual whenPaused {
        PausableStorage storage $ = _getPausableStorage();
        $._paused = false;
        emit Unpaused(_msgSender());
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (access/Ownable2Step.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {Ownable} from "./Ownable.sol";

/**
 * @dev Contract module which provides access control mechanism, where
 * there is an account (an owner) that can be granted exclusive access to
 * specific functions.
 *
 * The initial owner is specified at deployment time in the constructor for `Ownable`. This
 * can later be changed with {transferOwnership} and {acceptOwnership}.
 *
 * This module is used through inheritance. It will make available all functions
 * from parent (Ownable).
 */
abstract contract Ownable2Step is Ownable {
    address private _pendingOwner;

    event OwnershipTransferStarted(address indexed previousOwner, address indexed newOwner);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the address of the pending owner.
     */
    function pendingOwner() public view virtual returns (address) {
        return _pendingOwner;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Starts the ownership transfer of the contract to a new account. Replaces the pending transfer if there is one.
     * Can only be called by the current owner.
     */
    function transferOwnership(address newOwner) public virtual override onlyOwner {
        _pendingOwner = newOwner;
        emit OwnershipTransferStarted(owner(), newOwner);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Transfers ownership of the contract to a new account (`newOwner`) and deletes any pending owner.
     * Internal function without access restriction.
     */
    function _transferOwnership(address newOwner) internal virtual override {
        delete _pendingOwner;
        super._transferOwnership(newOwner);
    }

    /**
     * @dev The new owner accepts the ownership transfer.
     */
    function acceptOwnership() public virtual {
        address sender = _msgSender();
        if (pendingOwner() != sender) {
            revert OwnableUnauthorizedAccount(sender);
        }
        _transferOwnership(sender);
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (access/Ownable.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {Context} from "../utils/Context.sol";

/**
 * @dev Contract module which provides a basic access control mechanism, where
 * there is an account (an owner) that can be granted exclusive access to
 * specific functions.
 *
 * The initial owner is set to the address provided by the deployer. This can
 * later be changed with {transferOwnership}.
 *
 * This module is used through inheritance. It will make available the modifier
 * `onlyOwner`, which can be applied to your functions to restrict their use to
 * the owner.
 */
abstract contract Ownable is Context {
    address private _owner;

    /**
     * @dev The caller account is not authorized to perform an operation.
     */
    error OwnableUnauthorizedAccount(address account);

    /**
     * @dev The owner is not a valid owner account. (eg. `address(0)`)
     */
    error OwnableInvalidOwner(address owner);

    event OwnershipTransferred(address indexed previousOwner, address indexed newOwner);

    /**
     * @dev Initializes the contract setting the address provided by the deployer as the initial owner.
     */
    constructor(address initialOwner) {
        if (initialOwner == address(0)) {
            revert OwnableInvalidOwner(address(0));
        }
        _transferOwnership(initialOwner);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Throws if called by any account other than the owner.
     */
    modifier onlyOwner() {
        _checkOwner();
        _;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the address of the current owner.
     */
    function owner() public view virtual returns (address) {
        return _owner;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Throws if the sender is not the owner.
     */
    function _checkOwner() internal view virtual {
        if (owner() != _msgSender()) {
            revert OwnableUnauthorizedAccount(_msgSender());
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Leaves the contract without owner. It will not be possible to call
     * `onlyOwner` functions. Can only be called by the current owner.
     *
     * NOTE: Renouncing ownership will leave the contract without an owner,
     * thereby disabling any functionality that is only available to the owner.
     */
    function renounceOwnership() public virtual onlyOwner {
        _transferOwnership(address(0));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Transfers ownership of the contract to a new account (`newOwner`).
     * Can only be called by the current owner.
     */
    function transferOwnership(address newOwner) public virtual onlyOwner {
        if (newOwner == address(0)) {
            revert OwnableInvalidOwner(address(0));
        }
        _transferOwnership(newOwner);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Transfers ownership of the contract to a new account (`newOwner`).
     * Internal function without access restriction.
     */
    function _transferOwnership(address newOwner) internal virtual {
        address oldOwner = _owner;
        _owner = newOwner;
        emit OwnershipTransferred(oldOwner, newOwner);
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (utils/cryptography/MerkleProof.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

/**
 * @dev These functions deal with verification of Merkle Tree proofs.
 *
 * The tree and the proofs can be generated using our
 * https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/merkle-tree[JavaScript library].
 * You will find a quickstart guide in the readme.
 *
 * WARNING: You should avoid using leaf values that are 64 bytes long prior to
 * hashing, or use a hash function other than keccak256 for hashing leaves.
 * This is because the concatenation of a sorted pair of internal nodes in
 * the Merkle tree could be reinterpreted as a leaf value.
 * OpenZeppelin's JavaScript library generates Merkle trees that are safe
 * against this attack out of the box.
 */
library MerkleProof {
    /**
     *@dev The multiproof provided is not valid.
     */
    error MerkleProofInvalidMultiproof();

    /**
     * @dev Returns true if a `leaf` can be proved to be a part of a Merkle tree
     * defined by `root`. For this, a `proof` must be provided, containing
     * sibling hashes on the branch from the leaf to the root of the tree. Each
     * pair of leaves and each pair of pre-images are assumed to be sorted.
     */
    function verify(bytes32[] memory proof, bytes32 root, bytes32 leaf) internal pure returns (bool) {
        return processProof(proof, leaf) == root;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Calldata version of {verify}
     */
    function verifyCalldata(bytes32[] calldata proof, bytes32 root, bytes32 leaf) internal pure returns (bool) {
        return processProofCalldata(proof, leaf) == root;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the rebuilt hash obtained by traversing a Merkle tree up
     * from `leaf` using `proof`. A `proof` is valid if and only if the rebuilt
     * hash matches the root of the tree. When processing the proof, the pairs
     * of leafs & pre-images are assumed to be sorted.
     */
    function processProof(bytes32[] memory proof, bytes32 leaf) internal pure returns (bytes32) {
        bytes32 computedHash = leaf;
        for (uint256 i = 0; i < proof.length; i++) {
            computedHash = _hashPair(computedHash, proof[i]);
        }
        return computedHash;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Calldata version of {processProof}
     */
    function processProofCalldata(bytes32[] calldata proof, bytes32 leaf) internal pure returns (bytes32) {
        bytes32 computedHash = leaf;
        for (uint256 i = 0; i < proof.length; i++) {
            computedHash = _hashPair(computedHash, proof[i]);
        }
        return computedHash;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns true if the `leaves` can be simultaneously proven to be a part of a Merkle tree defined by
     * `root`, according to `proof` and `proofFlags` as described in {processMultiProof}.
     *
     * CAUTION: Not all Merkle trees admit multiproofs. See {processMultiProof} for details.
     */
    function multiProofVerify(
        bytes32[] memory proof,
        bool[] memory proofFlags,
        bytes32 root,
        bytes32[] memory leaves
    ) internal pure returns (bool) {
        return processMultiProof(proof, proofFlags, leaves) == root;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Calldata version of {multiProofVerify}
     *
     * CAUTION: Not all Merkle trees admit multiproofs. See {processMultiProof} for details.
     */
    function multiProofVerifyCalldata(
        bytes32[] calldata proof,
        bool[] calldata proofFlags,
        bytes32 root,
        bytes32[] memory leaves
    ) internal pure returns (bool) {
        return processMultiProofCalldata(proof, proofFlags, leaves) == root;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the root of a tree reconstructed from `leaves` and sibling nodes in `proof`. The reconstruction
     * proceeds by incrementally reconstructing all inner nodes by combining a leaf/inner node with either another
     * leaf/inner node or a proof sibling node, depending on whether each `proofFlags` item is true or false
     * respectively.
     *
     * CAUTION: Not all Merkle trees admit multiproofs. To use multiproofs, it is sufficient to ensure that: 1) the tree
     * is complete (but not necessarily perfect), 2) the leaves to be proven are in the opposite order they are in the
     * tree (i.e., as seen from right to left starting at the deepest layer and continuing at the next layer).
     */
    function processMultiProof(
        bytes32[] memory proof,
        bool[] memory proofFlags,
        bytes32[] memory leaves
    ) internal pure returns (bytes32 merkleRoot) {
        // This function rebuilds the root hash by traversing the tree up from the leaves. The root is rebuilt by
        // consuming and producing values on a queue. The queue starts with the `leaves` array, then goes onto the
        // `hashes` array. At the end of the process, the last hash in the `hashes` array should contain the root of
        // the Merkle tree.
        uint256 leavesLen = leaves.length;
        uint256 proofLen = proof.length;
        uint256 totalHashes = proofFlags.length;

        // Check proof validity.
        if (leavesLen + proofLen != totalHashes + 1) {
            revert MerkleProofInvalidMultiproof();
        }

        // The xxxPos values are "pointers" to the next value to consume in each array. All accesses are done using
        // `xxx[xxxPos++]`, which return the current value and increment the pointer, thus mimicking a queue's "pop".
        bytes32[] memory hashes = new bytes32[](totalHashes);
        uint256 leafPos = 0;
        uint256 hashPos = 0;
        uint256 proofPos = 0;
        // At each step, we compute the next hash using two values:
        // - a value from the "main queue". If not all leaves have been consumed, we get the next leaf, otherwise we
        //   get the next hash.
        // - depending on the flag, either another value from the "main queue" (merging branches) or an element from the
        //   `proof` array.
        for (uint256 i = 0; i < totalHashes; i++) {
            bytes32 a = leafPos < leavesLen ? leaves[leafPos++] : hashes[hashPos++];
            bytes32 b = proofFlags[i]
                ? (leafPos < leavesLen ? leaves[leafPos++] : hashes[hashPos++])
                : proof[proofPos++];
            hashes[i] = _hashPair(a, b);
        }

        if (totalHashes > 0) {
            if (proofPos != proofLen) {
                revert MerkleProofInvalidMultiproof();
            }
            unchecked {
                return hashes[totalHashes - 1];
            }
        } else if (leavesLen > 0) {
            return leaves[0];
        } else {
            return proof[0];
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Calldata version of {processMultiProof}.
     *
     * CAUTION: Not all Merkle trees admit multiproofs. See {processMultiProof} for details.
     */
    function processMultiProofCalldata(
        bytes32[] calldata proof,
        bool[] calldata proofFlags,
        bytes32[] memory leaves
    ) internal pure returns (bytes32 merkleRoot) {
        // This function rebuilds the root hash by traversing the tree up from the leaves. The root is rebuilt by
        // consuming and producing values on a queue. The queue starts with the `leaves` array, then goes onto the
        // `hashes` array. At the end of the process, the last hash in the `hashes` array should contain the root of
        // the Merkle tree.
        uint256 leavesLen = leaves.length;
        uint256 proofLen = proof.length;
        uint256 totalHashes = proofFlags.length;

        // Check proof validity.
        if (leavesLen + proofLen != totalHashes + 1) {
            revert MerkleProofInvalidMultiproof();
        }

        // The xxxPos values are "pointers" to the next value to consume in each array. All accesses are done using
        // `xxx[xxxPos++]`, which return the current value and increment the pointer, thus mimicking a queue's "pop".
        bytes32[] memory hashes = new bytes32[](totalHashes);
        uint256 leafPos = 0;
        uint256 hashPos = 0;
        uint256 proofPos = 0;
        // At each step, we compute the next hash using two values:
        // - a value from the "main queue". If not all leaves have been consumed, we get the next leaf, otherwise we
        //   get the next hash.
        // - depending on the flag, either another value from the "main queue" (merging branches) or an element from the
        //   `proof` array.
        for (uint256 i = 0; i < totalHashes; i++) {
            bytes32 a = leafPos < leavesLen ? leaves[leafPos++] : hashes[hashPos++];
            bytes32 b = proofFlags[i]
                ? (leafPos < leavesLen ? leaves[leafPos++] : hashes[hashPos++])
                : proof[proofPos++];
            hashes[i] = _hashPair(a, b);
        }

        if (totalHashes > 0) {
            if (proofPos != proofLen) {
                revert MerkleProofInvalidMultiproof();
            }
            unchecked {
                return hashes[totalHashes - 1];
            }
        } else if (leavesLen > 0) {
            return leaves[0];
        } else {
            return proof[0];
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Sorts the pair (a, b) and hashes the result.
     */
    function _hashPair(bytes32 a, bytes32 b) private pure returns (bytes32) {
        return a < b ? _efficientHash(a, b) : _efficientHash(b, a);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Implementation of keccak256(abi.encode(a, b)) that doesn't allocate or expand memory.
     */
    function _efficientHash(bytes32 a, bytes32 b) private pure returns (bytes32 value) {
        /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
        assembly {
            mstore(0x00, a)
            mstore(0x20, b)
            value := keccak256(0x00, 0x40)
        }
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity 0.8.21;

import { IReserveFeed } from "../../interfaces/IReserveFeed.sol";
import { WadRayMath, RAY } from "../../libraries/math/WadRayMath.sol";
import { Math } from "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/math/Math.sol";

// should equal to the number of feeds available in the contract
uint8 constant FEED_COUNT = 3;
uint256 constant UPDATE_COOLDOWN = 58 minutes;

/**
 * @notice Reserve oracles are used to determine the LST provider exchange rate
 * and is utilizated by Ion's liquidation module. Liquidations will only be
 * triggered against this exchange rate and will be completely market-price
 * agnostic. Importantly, this means that liquidations will only be triggered
 * through lack of debt repayment or slashing events.
 *
 * @dev In order to protect against potential provider bugs or incorrect one-off
 * values (malicious or accidental), the reserve oracle does not use live data.
 * Instead it will query the exchange every intermittent period and persist the
 * value and this value can only move up or down by a maximum percentage per query.
 *
 * If additional data sources are available, they can be involved as `FEED`s. If
 * other `FEED`s are provided to the reserve oracle, a mean of all the `FEED`s
 * is compared to the protocol exchange rate and the minimum of the two is used
 * as the new exchange rate. This final value is subject to the bounding rules.
 *
 * @custom:security-contact [email protected]
 */
abstract contract ReserveOracle {
    using WadRayMath for uint256;

    uint8 public immutable ILK_INDEX;
    uint8 public immutable QUORUM; // the number of feeds to aggregate
    uint256 public immutable MAX_CHANGE; // maximum change allowed in percentage [ray] i.e. 3e25 [ray] would be 3%

    IReserveFeed public immutable FEED0; // different reserve oracle feeds excluding the protocol exchange rate
    IReserveFeed public immutable FEED1;
    IReserveFeed public immutable FEED2;

    uint256 public currentExchangeRate; // [wad] the bounded queried last time
    uint256 public lastUpdated; // [wad] the bounded queried last time

    // --- Events ---
    event UpdateExchangeRate(uint256 exchangeRate);

    // --- Errors ---
    error InvalidQuorum(uint8 invalidQuorum);
    error InvalidFeedLength(uint256 invalidLength);
    error InvalidMaxChange(uint256 invalidMaxChange);
    error InvalidMinMax(uint256 invalidMin, uint256 invalidMax);
    error InvalidInitialization(uint256 invalidExchangeRate);
    error UpdateCooldown(uint256 lastUpdated);

    /**
     * @notice Creates a new `ReserveOracle` instance.
     * @param _ilkIndex of the associated collateral.
     * @param _feeds Alternative data sources to be used for the reserve oracle.
     * @param _quorum The number of feeds to aggregate.
     * @param _maxChange Maximum percent change between exchange rate updates. [RAY]
     */
    constructor(uint8 _ilkIndex, address[] memory _feeds, uint8 _quorum, uint256 _maxChange) {
        if (_feeds.length != FEED_COUNT) revert InvalidFeedLength(_feeds.length);
        if (_quorum > FEED_COUNT) revert InvalidQuorum(_quorum);
        if (_maxChange == 0 || _maxChange > RAY) revert InvalidMaxChange(_maxChange);

        ILK_INDEX = _ilkIndex;
        QUORUM = _quorum;
        MAX_CHANGE = _maxChange;

        FEED0 = IReserveFeed(_feeds[0]);
        FEED1 = IReserveFeed(_feeds[1]);
        FEED2 = IReserveFeed(_feeds[2]);
    }

    // --- Override ---

    /**
     * @notice Returns the protocol exchange rate.
     * @dev Must be implemented in the child contract with LST-specific logic.
     * @return The protocol exchange rate.
     */
    function _getProtocolExchangeRate() internal view virtual returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @notice Returns the protocol exchange rate.
     * @return The protocol exchange rate.
     */
    function getProtocolExchangeRate() external view returns (uint256) {
        return _getProtocolExchangeRate();
    }

    /**
     * @notice Queries values from whitelisted data feeds and calculates the
     * mean. This does not include the protocol exchange rate.
     * @param _ILK_INDEX of the associated collateral.
     */
    function _aggregate(uint8 _ILK_INDEX) internal view returns (uint256 val) {
        if (QUORUM == 0) {
            return type(uint256).max;
        } else if (QUORUM == 1) {
            val = FEED0.getExchangeRate(_ILK_INDEX);
        } else if (QUORUM == 2) {
            uint256 feed0ExchangeRate = FEED0.getExchangeRate(_ILK_INDEX);
            uint256 feed1ExchangeRate = FEED1.getExchangeRate(_ILK_INDEX);
            val = ((feed0ExchangeRate + feed1ExchangeRate) / uint256(QUORUM));
        } else if (QUORUM == 3) {
            uint256 feed0ExchangeRate = FEED0.getExchangeRate(_ILK_INDEX);
            uint256 feed1ExchangeRate = FEED1.getExchangeRate(_ILK_INDEX);
            uint256 feed2ExchangeRate = FEED2.getExchangeRate(_ILK_INDEX);
            val = ((feed0ExchangeRate + feed1ExchangeRate + feed2ExchangeRate) / uint256(QUORUM));
        }
    }

    /**
     * @notice Bounds the value between the min and the max.
     * @param value The value to be bounded.
     * @param min The minimum bound.
     * @param max The maximum bound.
     */
    function _bound(uint256 value, uint256 min, uint256 max) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        if (min > max) revert InvalidMinMax(min, max);

        return Math.max(min, Math.min(max, value));
    }

    /**
     * @notice Initializes the `currentExchangeRate` state variable.
     * @dev Called once during construction.
     */
    function _initializeExchangeRate() internal {
        currentExchangeRate = Math.min(_getProtocolExchangeRate(), _aggregate(ILK_INDEX));
        if (currentExchangeRate == 0) {
            revert InvalidInitialization(currentExchangeRate);
        }

        emit UpdateExchangeRate(currentExchangeRate);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Updates the `currentExchangeRate` state variable.
     * @dev Takes the minimum between the aggregated values and the protocol exchange rate,
     * then bounds it up to the maximum change and writes the bounded value to the state.
     * NOTE: keepers should call this update to reflect recent values
     */
    function updateExchangeRate() external {
        if (block.timestamp - lastUpdated < UPDATE_COOLDOWN) revert UpdateCooldown(lastUpdated);

        uint256 _currentExchangeRate = currentExchangeRate;

        uint256 minimum = Math.min(_getProtocolExchangeRate(), _aggregate(ILK_INDEX));
        uint256 diff = _currentExchangeRate.rayMulDown(MAX_CHANGE);

        uint256 bounded = _bound(minimum, _currentExchangeRate - diff, _currentExchangeRate + diff);
        currentExchangeRate = bounded;

        lastUpdated = block.timestamp;

        emit UpdateExchangeRate(bounded);
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (token/ERC20/extensions/IERC20Metadata.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {IERC20} from "../IERC20.sol";

/**
 * @dev Interface for the optional metadata functions from the ERC20 standard.
 */
interface IERC20Metadata is IERC20 {
    /**
     * @dev Returns the name of the token.
     */
    function name() external view returns (string memory);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the symbol of the token.
     */
    function symbol() external view returns (string memory);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the decimals places of the token.
     */
    function decimals() external view returns (uint8);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: UNLICENSED
pragma solidity 0.8.21;

/**
 * @dev Standard ERC20 Errors
 * Interface of the https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-6093[ERC-6093] custom errors for ERC20 tokens.
 */
interface IERC20Errors {
    /**
     * @dev Indicates an error related to the current `balance` of a `sender`. Used in transfers.
     * @param sender Address whose tokens are being transferred.
     * @param balance Current balance for the interacting account.
     * @param needed Minimum amount required to perform a transfer.
     */
    error ERC20InsufficientBalance(address sender, uint256 balance, uint256 needed);

    /**
     * @dev Indicates a failure with the token `sender`. Used in transfers.
     * @param sender Address whose tokens are being transferred.
     */
    error ERC20InvalidSender(address sender);

    /**
     * @dev Indicates a failure with the token `receiver`. Used in transfers.
     * @param receiver Address to which tokens are being transferred.
     */
    error ERC20InvalidReceiver(address receiver);

    /**
     * @dev Indicates a failure with the `spender`’s `allowance`. Used in transfers.
     * @param spender Address that may be allowed to operate on tokens without being their owner.
     * @param allowance Amount of tokens a `spender` is allowed to operate with.
     * @param needed Minimum amount required to perform a transfer.
     */
    error ERC20InsufficientAllowance(address spender, uint256 allowance, uint256 needed);

    /**
     * @dev Indicates a failure with the `approver` of a token to be approved. Used in approvals.
     * @param approver Address initiating an approval operation.
     */
    error ERC20InvalidApprover(address approver);

    /**
     * @dev Indicates a failure with the `spender` to be approved. Used in approvals.
     * @param spender Address that may be allowed to operate on tokens without being their owner.
     */
    error ERC20InvalidSpender(address spender);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (utils/Context.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;
import {Initializable} from "../proxy/utils/Initializable.sol";

/**
 * @dev Provides information about the current execution context, including the
 * sender of the transaction and its data. While these are generally available
 * via msg.sender and msg.data, they should not be accessed in such a direct
 * manner, since when dealing with meta-transactions the account sending and
 * paying for execution may not be the actual sender (as far as an application
 * is concerned).
 *
 * This contract is only required for intermediate, library-like contracts.
 */
abstract contract ContextUpgradeable is Initializable {
    function __Context_init() internal onlyInitializing {
    }

    function __Context_init_unchained() internal onlyInitializing {
    }
    function _msgSender() internal view virtual returns (address) {
        return msg.sender;
    }

    function _msgData() internal view virtual returns (bytes calldata) {
        return msg.data;
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (access/extensions/AccessControlDefaultAdminRules.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {IAccessControlDefaultAdminRules} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/access/extensions/IAccessControlDefaultAdminRules.sol";
import {AccessControlUpgradeable} from "../AccessControlUpgradeable.sol";
import {IAccessControl} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/access/IAccessControl.sol";
import {SafeCast} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/math/SafeCast.sol";
import {Math} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/math/Math.sol";
import {IERC5313} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/interfaces/IERC5313.sol";
import {Initializable} from "../../proxy/utils/Initializable.sol";

/**
 * @dev Extension of {AccessControl} that allows specifying special rules to manage
 * the `DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE` holder, which is a sensitive role with special permissions
 * over other roles that may potentially have privileged rights in the system.
 *
 * If a specific role doesn't have an admin role assigned, the holder of the
 * `DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE` will have the ability to grant it and revoke it.
 *
 * This contract implements the following risk mitigations on top of {AccessControl}:
 *
 * * Only one account holds the `DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE` since deployment until it's potentially renounced.
 * * Enforces a 2-step process to transfer the `DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE` to another account.
 * * Enforces a configurable delay between the two steps, with the ability to cancel before the transfer is accepted.
 * * The delay can be changed by scheduling, see {changeDefaultAdminDelay}.
 * * It is not possible to use another role to manage the `DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE`.
 *
 * Example usage:
 *
 * ```solidity
 * contract MyToken is AccessControlDefaultAdminRules {
 *   constructor() AccessControlDefaultAdminRules(
 *     3 days,
 *     msg.sender // Explicit initial `DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE` holder
 *    ) {}
 * }
 * ```
 */
abstract contract AccessControlDefaultAdminRulesUpgradeable is Initializable, IAccessControlDefaultAdminRules, IERC5313, AccessControlUpgradeable {
    /// @custom:storage-location erc7201:openzeppelin.storage.AccessControlDefaultAdminRules
    struct AccessControlDefaultAdminRulesStorage {
        // pending admin pair read/written together frequently
        address _pendingDefaultAdmin;
        uint48 _pendingDefaultAdminSchedule; // 0 == unset

        uint48 _currentDelay;
        address _currentDefaultAdmin;

        // pending delay pair read/written together frequently
        uint48 _pendingDelay;
        uint48 _pendingDelaySchedule; // 0 == unset
    }

    // keccak256(abi.encode(uint256(keccak256("openzeppelin.storage.AccessControlDefaultAdminRules")) - 1)) & ~bytes32(uint256(0xff))
    bytes32 private constant AccessControlDefaultAdminRulesStorageLocation = 0xeef3dac4538c82c8ace4063ab0acd2d15cdb5883aa1dff7c2673abb3d8698400;

    function _getAccessControlDefaultAdminRulesStorage() private pure returns (AccessControlDefaultAdminRulesStorage storage $) {
        assembly {
            $.slot := AccessControlDefaultAdminRulesStorageLocation
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Sets the initial values for {defaultAdminDelay} and {defaultAdmin} address.
     */
    function __AccessControlDefaultAdminRules_init(uint48 initialDelay, address initialDefaultAdmin) internal onlyInitializing {
        __AccessControlDefaultAdminRules_init_unchained(initialDelay, initialDefaultAdmin);
    }

    function __AccessControlDefaultAdminRules_init_unchained(uint48 initialDelay, address initialDefaultAdmin) internal onlyInitializing {
        AccessControlDefaultAdminRulesStorage storage $ = _getAccessControlDefaultAdminRulesStorage();
        if (initialDefaultAdmin == address(0)) {
            revert AccessControlInvalidDefaultAdmin(address(0));
        }
        $._currentDelay = initialDelay;
        _grantRole(DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE, initialDefaultAdmin);
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC165-supportsInterface}.
     */
    function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId) public view virtual override returns (bool) {
        return interfaceId == type(IAccessControlDefaultAdminRules).interfaceId || super.supportsInterface(interfaceId);
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC5313-owner}.
     */
    function owner() public view virtual returns (address) {
        return defaultAdmin();
    }

    ///
    /// Override AccessControl role management
    ///

    /**
     * @dev See {AccessControl-grantRole}. Reverts for `DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE`.
     */
    function grantRole(bytes32 role, address account) public virtual override(AccessControlUpgradeable, IAccessControl) {
        if (role == DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE) {
            revert AccessControlEnforcedDefaultAdminRules();
        }
        super.grantRole(role, account);
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {AccessControl-revokeRole}. Reverts for `DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE`.
     */
    function revokeRole(bytes32 role, address account) public virtual override(AccessControlUpgradeable, IAccessControl) {
        if (role == DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE) {
            revert AccessControlEnforcedDefaultAdminRules();
        }
        super.revokeRole(role, account);
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {AccessControl-renounceRole}.
     *
     * For the `DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE`, it only allows renouncing in two steps by first calling
     * {beginDefaultAdminTransfer} to the `address(0)`, so it's required that the {pendingDefaultAdmin} schedule
     * has also passed when calling this function.
     *
     * After its execution, it will not be possible to call `onlyRole(DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE)` functions.
     *
     * NOTE: Renouncing `DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE` will leave the contract without a {defaultAdmin},
     * thereby disabling any functionality that is only available for it, and the possibility of reassigning a
     * non-administrated role.
     */
    function renounceRole(bytes32 role, address account) public virtual override(AccessControlUpgradeable, IAccessControl) {
        AccessControlDefaultAdminRulesStorage storage $ = _getAccessControlDefaultAdminRulesStorage();
        if (role == DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE && account == defaultAdmin()) {
            (address newDefaultAdmin, uint48 schedule) = pendingDefaultAdmin();
            if (newDefaultAdmin != address(0) || !_isScheduleSet(schedule) || !_hasSchedulePassed(schedule)) {
                revert AccessControlEnforcedDefaultAdminDelay(schedule);
            }
            delete $._pendingDefaultAdminSchedule;
        }
        super.renounceRole(role, account);
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {AccessControl-_grantRole}.
     *
     * For `DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE`, it only allows granting if there isn't already a {defaultAdmin} or if the
     * role has been previously renounced.
     *
     * NOTE: Exposing this function through another mechanism may make the `DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE`
     * assignable again. Make sure to guarantee this is the expected behavior in your implementation.
     */
    function _grantRole(bytes32 role, address account) internal virtual override returns (bool) {
        AccessControlDefaultAdminRulesStorage storage $ = _getAccessControlDefaultAdminRulesStorage();
        if (role == DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE) {
            if (defaultAdmin() != address(0)) {
                revert AccessControlEnforcedDefaultAdminRules();
            }
            $._currentDefaultAdmin = account;
        }
        return super._grantRole(role, account);
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {AccessControl-_revokeRole}.
     */
    function _revokeRole(bytes32 role, address account) internal virtual override returns (bool) {
        AccessControlDefaultAdminRulesStorage storage $ = _getAccessControlDefaultAdminRulesStorage();
        if (role == DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE && account == defaultAdmin()) {
            delete $._currentDefaultAdmin;
        }
        return super._revokeRole(role, account);
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {AccessControl-_setRoleAdmin}. Reverts for `DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE`.
     */
    function _setRoleAdmin(bytes32 role, bytes32 adminRole) internal virtual override {
        if (role == DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE) {
            revert AccessControlEnforcedDefaultAdminRules();
        }
        super._setRoleAdmin(role, adminRole);
    }

    ///
    /// AccessControlDefaultAdminRules accessors
    ///

    /**
     * @inheritdoc IAccessControlDefaultAdminRules
     */
    function defaultAdmin() public view virtual returns (address) {
        AccessControlDefaultAdminRulesStorage storage $ = _getAccessControlDefaultAdminRulesStorage();
        return $._currentDefaultAdmin;
    }

    /**
     * @inheritdoc IAccessControlDefaultAdminRules
     */
    function pendingDefaultAdmin() public view virtual returns (address newAdmin, uint48 schedule) {
        AccessControlDefaultAdminRulesStorage storage $ = _getAccessControlDefaultAdminRulesStorage();
        return ($._pendingDefaultAdmin, $._pendingDefaultAdminSchedule);
    }

    /**
     * @inheritdoc IAccessControlDefaultAdminRules
     */
    function defaultAdminDelay() public view virtual returns (uint48) {
        AccessControlDefaultAdminRulesStorage storage $ = _getAccessControlDefaultAdminRulesStorage();
        uint48 schedule = $._pendingDelaySchedule;
        return (_isScheduleSet(schedule) && _hasSchedulePassed(schedule)) ? $._pendingDelay : $._currentDelay;
    }

    /**
     * @inheritdoc IAccessControlDefaultAdminRules
     */
    function pendingDefaultAdminDelay() public view virtual returns (uint48 newDelay, uint48 schedule) {
        AccessControlDefaultAdminRulesStorage storage $ = _getAccessControlDefaultAdminRulesStorage();
        schedule = $._pendingDelaySchedule;
        return (_isScheduleSet(schedule) && !_hasSchedulePassed(schedule)) ? ($._pendingDelay, schedule) : (0, 0);
    }

    /**
     * @inheritdoc IAccessControlDefaultAdminRules
     */
    function defaultAdminDelayIncreaseWait() public view virtual returns (uint48) {
        return 5 days;
    }

    ///
    /// AccessControlDefaultAdminRules public and internal setters for defaultAdmin/pendingDefaultAdmin
    ///

    /**
     * @inheritdoc IAccessControlDefaultAdminRules
     */
    function beginDefaultAdminTransfer(address newAdmin) public virtual onlyRole(DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE) {
        _beginDefaultAdminTransfer(newAdmin);
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {beginDefaultAdminTransfer}.
     *
     * Internal function without access restriction.
     */
    function _beginDefaultAdminTransfer(address newAdmin) internal virtual {
        uint48 newSchedule = SafeCast.toUint48(block.timestamp) + defaultAdminDelay();
        _setPendingDefaultAdmin(newAdmin, newSchedule);
        emit DefaultAdminTransferScheduled(newAdmin, newSchedule);
    }

    /**
     * @inheritdoc IAccessControlDefaultAdminRules
     */
    function cancelDefaultAdminTransfer() public virtual onlyRole(DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE) {
        _cancelDefaultAdminTransfer();
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {cancelDefaultAdminTransfer}.
     *
     * Internal function without access restriction.
     */
    function _cancelDefaultAdminTransfer() internal virtual {
        _setPendingDefaultAdmin(address(0), 0);
    }

    /**
     * @inheritdoc IAccessControlDefaultAdminRules
     */
    function acceptDefaultAdminTransfer() public virtual {
        (address newDefaultAdmin, ) = pendingDefaultAdmin();
        if (_msgSender() != newDefaultAdmin) {
            // Enforce newDefaultAdmin explicit acceptance.
            revert AccessControlInvalidDefaultAdmin(_msgSender());
        }
        _acceptDefaultAdminTransfer();
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {acceptDefaultAdminTransfer}.
     *
     * Internal function without access restriction.
     */
    function _acceptDefaultAdminTransfer() internal virtual {
        AccessControlDefaultAdminRulesStorage storage $ = _getAccessControlDefaultAdminRulesStorage();
        (address newAdmin, uint48 schedule) = pendingDefaultAdmin();
        if (!_isScheduleSet(schedule) || !_hasSchedulePassed(schedule)) {
            revert AccessControlEnforcedDefaultAdminDelay(schedule);
        }
        _revokeRole(DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE, defaultAdmin());
        _grantRole(DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE, newAdmin);
        delete $._pendingDefaultAdmin;
        delete $._pendingDefaultAdminSchedule;
    }

    ///
    /// AccessControlDefaultAdminRules public and internal setters for defaultAdminDelay/pendingDefaultAdminDelay
    ///

    /**
     * @inheritdoc IAccessControlDefaultAdminRules
     */
    function changeDefaultAdminDelay(uint48 newDelay) public virtual onlyRole(DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE) {
        _changeDefaultAdminDelay(newDelay);
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {changeDefaultAdminDelay}.
     *
     * Internal function without access restriction.
     */
    function _changeDefaultAdminDelay(uint48 newDelay) internal virtual {
        uint48 newSchedule = SafeCast.toUint48(block.timestamp) + _delayChangeWait(newDelay);
        _setPendingDelay(newDelay, newSchedule);
        emit DefaultAdminDelayChangeScheduled(newDelay, newSchedule);
    }

    /**
     * @inheritdoc IAccessControlDefaultAdminRules
     */
    function rollbackDefaultAdminDelay() public virtual onlyRole(DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE) {
        _rollbackDefaultAdminDelay();
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {rollbackDefaultAdminDelay}.
     *
     * Internal function without access restriction.
     */
    function _rollbackDefaultAdminDelay() internal virtual {
        _setPendingDelay(0, 0);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the amount of seconds to wait after the `newDelay` will
     * become the new {defaultAdminDelay}.
     *
     * The value returned guarantees that if the delay is reduced, it will go into effect
     * after a wait that honors the previously set delay.
     *
     * See {defaultAdminDelayIncreaseWait}.
     */
    function _delayChangeWait(uint48 newDelay) internal view virtual returns (uint48) {
        uint48 currentDelay = defaultAdminDelay();

        // When increasing the delay, we schedule the delay change to occur after a period of "new delay" has passed, up
        // to a maximum given by defaultAdminDelayIncreaseWait, by default 5 days. For example, if increasing from 1 day
        // to 3 days, the new delay will come into effect after 3 days. If increasing from 1 day to 10 days, the new
        // delay will come into effect after 5 days. The 5 day wait period is intended to be able to fix an error like
        // using milliseconds instead of seconds.
        //
        // When decreasing the delay, we wait the difference between "current delay" and "new delay". This guarantees
        // that an admin transfer cannot be made faster than "current delay" at the time the delay change is scheduled.
        // For example, if decreasing from 10 days to 3 days, the new delay will come into effect after 7 days.
        return
            newDelay > currentDelay
                ? uint48(Math.min(newDelay, defaultAdminDelayIncreaseWait())) // no need to safecast, both inputs are uint48
                : currentDelay - newDelay;
    }

    ///
    /// Private setters
    ///

    /**
     * @dev Setter of the tuple for pending admin and its schedule.
     *
     * May emit a DefaultAdminTransferCanceled event.
     */
    function _setPendingDefaultAdmin(address newAdmin, uint48 newSchedule) private {
        AccessControlDefaultAdminRulesStorage storage $ = _getAccessControlDefaultAdminRulesStorage();
        (, uint48 oldSchedule) = pendingDefaultAdmin();

        $._pendingDefaultAdmin = newAdmin;
        $._pendingDefaultAdminSchedule = newSchedule;

        // An `oldSchedule` from `pendingDefaultAdmin()` is only set if it hasn't been accepted.
        if (_isScheduleSet(oldSchedule)) {
            // Emit for implicit cancellations when another default admin was scheduled.
            emit DefaultAdminTransferCanceled();
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Setter of the tuple for pending delay and its schedule.
     *
     * May emit a DefaultAdminDelayChangeCanceled event.
     */
    function _setPendingDelay(uint48 newDelay, uint48 newSchedule) private {
        AccessControlDefaultAdminRulesStorage storage $ = _getAccessControlDefaultAdminRulesStorage();
        uint48 oldSchedule = $._pendingDelaySchedule;

        if (_isScheduleSet(oldSchedule)) {
            if (_hasSchedulePassed(oldSchedule)) {
                // Materialize a virtual delay
                $._currentDelay = $._pendingDelay;
            } else {
                // Emit for implicit cancellations when another delay was scheduled.
                emit DefaultAdminDelayChangeCanceled();
            }
        }

        $._pendingDelay = newDelay;
        $._pendingDelaySchedule = newSchedule;
    }

    ///
    /// Private helpers
    ///

    /**
     * @dev Defines if an `schedule` is considered set. For consistency purposes.
     */
    function _isScheduleSet(uint48 schedule) private pure returns (bool) {
        return schedule != 0;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Defines if an `schedule` is considered passed. For consistency purposes.
     */
    function _hasSchedulePassed(uint48 schedule) private view returns (bool) {
        return schedule < block.timestamp;
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (utils/cryptography/MessageHashUtils.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {Strings} from "../Strings.sol";

/**
 * @dev Signature message hash utilities for producing digests to be consumed by {ECDSA} recovery or signing.
 *
 * The library provides methods for generating a hash of a message that conforms to the
 * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-191[EIP 191] and https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-712[EIP 712]
 * specifications.
 */
library MessageHashUtils {
    /**
     * @dev Returns the keccak256 digest of an EIP-191 signed data with version
     * `0x45` (`personal_sign` messages).
     *
     * The digest is calculated by prefixing a bytes32 `messageHash` with
     * `"\x19Ethereum Signed Message:\n32"` and hashing the result. It corresponds with the
     * hash signed when using the https://eth.wiki/json-rpc/API#eth_sign[`eth_sign`] JSON-RPC method.
     *
     * NOTE: The `messageHash` parameter is intended to be the result of hashing a raw message with
     * keccak256, although any bytes32 value can be safely used because the final digest will
     * be re-hashed.
     *
     * See {ECDSA-recover}.
     */
    function toEthSignedMessageHash(bytes32 messageHash) internal pure returns (bytes32 digest) {
        /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
        assembly {
            mstore(0x00, "\x19Ethereum Signed Message:\n32") // 32 is the bytes-length of messageHash
            mstore(0x1c, messageHash) // 0x1c (28) is the length of the prefix
            digest := keccak256(0x00, 0x3c) // 0x3c is the length of the prefix (0x1c) + messageHash (0x20)
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the keccak256 digest of an EIP-191 signed data with version
     * `0x45` (`personal_sign` messages).
     *
     * The digest is calculated by prefixing an arbitrary `message` with
     * `"\x19Ethereum Signed Message:\n" + len(message)` and hashing the result. It corresponds with the
     * hash signed when using the https://eth.wiki/json-rpc/API#eth_sign[`eth_sign`] JSON-RPC method.
     *
     * See {ECDSA-recover}.
     */
    function toEthSignedMessageHash(bytes memory message) internal pure returns (bytes32) {
        return
            keccak256(bytes.concat("\x19Ethereum Signed Message:\n", bytes(Strings.toString(message.length)), message));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the keccak256 digest of an EIP-191 signed data with version
     * `0x00` (data with intended validator).
     *
     * The digest is calculated by prefixing an arbitrary `data` with `"\x19\x00"` and the intended
     * `validator` address. Then hashing the result.
     *
     * See {ECDSA-recover}.
     */
    function toDataWithIntendedValidatorHash(address validator, bytes memory data) internal pure returns (bytes32) {
        return keccak256(abi.encodePacked(hex"19_00", validator, data));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the keccak256 digest of an EIP-712 typed data (EIP-191 version `0x01`).
     *
     * The digest is calculated from a `domainSeparator` and a `structHash`, by prefixing them with
     * `\x19\x01` and hashing the result. It corresponds to the hash signed by the
     * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-712[`eth_signTypedData`] JSON-RPC method as part of EIP-712.
     *
     * See {ECDSA-recover}.
     */
    function toTypedDataHash(bytes32 domainSeparator, bytes32 structHash) internal pure returns (bytes32 digest) {
        /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
        assembly {
            let ptr := mload(0x40)
            mstore(ptr, hex"19_01")
            mstore(add(ptr, 0x02), domainSeparator)
            mstore(add(ptr, 0x22), structHash)
            digest := keccak256(ptr, 0x42)
        }
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (utils/cryptography/ECDSA.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

/**
 * @dev Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) operations.
 *
 * These functions can be used to verify that a message was signed by the holder
 * of the private keys of a given address.
 */
library ECDSA {
    enum RecoverError {
        NoError,
        InvalidSignature,
        InvalidSignatureLength,
        InvalidSignatureS
    }

    /**
     * @dev The signature derives the `address(0)`.
     */
    error ECDSAInvalidSignature();

    /**
     * @dev The signature has an invalid length.
     */
    error ECDSAInvalidSignatureLength(uint256 length);

    /**
     * @dev The signature has an S value that is in the upper half order.
     */
    error ECDSAInvalidSignatureS(bytes32 s);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the address that signed a hashed message (`hash`) with `signature` or an error. This will not
     * return address(0) without also returning an error description. Errors are documented using an enum (error type)
     * and a bytes32 providing additional information about the error.
     *
     * If no error is returned, then the address can be used for verification purposes.
     *
     * The `ecrecover` EVM precompile allows for malleable (non-unique) signatures:
     * this function rejects them by requiring the `s` value to be in the lower
     * half order, and the `v` value to be either 27 or 28.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: `hash` _must_ be the result of a hash operation for the
     * verification to be secure: it is possible to craft signatures that
     * recover to arbitrary addresses for non-hashed data. A safe way to ensure
     * this is by receiving a hash of the original message (which may otherwise
     * be too long), and then calling {MessageHashUtils-toEthSignedMessageHash} on it.
     *
     * Documentation for signature generation:
     * - with https://web3js.readthedocs.io/en/v1.3.4/web3-eth-accounts.html#sign[Web3.js]
     * - with https://docs.ethers.io/v5/api/signer/#Signer-signMessage[ethers]
     */
    function tryRecover(bytes32 hash, bytes memory signature) internal pure returns (address, RecoverError, bytes32) {
        if (signature.length == 65) {
            bytes32 r;
            bytes32 s;
            uint8 v;
            // ecrecover takes the signature parameters, and the only way to get them
            // currently is to use assembly.
            /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
            assembly {
                r := mload(add(signature, 0x20))
                s := mload(add(signature, 0x40))
                v := byte(0, mload(add(signature, 0x60)))
            }
            return tryRecover(hash, v, r, s);
        } else {
            return (address(0), RecoverError.InvalidSignatureLength, bytes32(signature.length));
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the address that signed a hashed message (`hash`) with
     * `signature`. This address can then be used for verification purposes.
     *
     * The `ecrecover` EVM precompile allows for malleable (non-unique) signatures:
     * this function rejects them by requiring the `s` value to be in the lower
     * half order, and the `v` value to be either 27 or 28.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: `hash` _must_ be the result of a hash operation for the
     * verification to be secure: it is possible to craft signatures that
     * recover to arbitrary addresses for non-hashed data. A safe way to ensure
     * this is by receiving a hash of the original message (which may otherwise
     * be too long), and then calling {MessageHashUtils-toEthSignedMessageHash} on it.
     */
    function recover(bytes32 hash, bytes memory signature) internal pure returns (address) {
        (address recovered, RecoverError error, bytes32 errorArg) = tryRecover(hash, signature);
        _throwError(error, errorArg);
        return recovered;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Overload of {ECDSA-tryRecover} that receives the `r` and `vs` short-signature fields separately.
     *
     * See https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2098[EIP-2098 short signatures]
     */
    function tryRecover(bytes32 hash, bytes32 r, bytes32 vs) internal pure returns (address, RecoverError, bytes32) {
        unchecked {
            bytes32 s = vs & bytes32(0x7fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff);
            // We do not check for an overflow here since the shift operation results in 0 or 1.
            uint8 v = uint8((uint256(vs) >> 255) + 27);
            return tryRecover(hash, v, r, s);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Overload of {ECDSA-recover} that receives the `r and `vs` short-signature fields separately.
     */
    function recover(bytes32 hash, bytes32 r, bytes32 vs) internal pure returns (address) {
        (address recovered, RecoverError error, bytes32 errorArg) = tryRecover(hash, r, vs);
        _throwError(error, errorArg);
        return recovered;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Overload of {ECDSA-tryRecover} that receives the `v`,
     * `r` and `s` signature fields separately.
     */
    function tryRecover(
        bytes32 hash,
        uint8 v,
        bytes32 r,
        bytes32 s
    ) internal pure returns (address, RecoverError, bytes32) {
        // EIP-2 still allows signature malleability for ecrecover(). Remove this possibility and make the signature
        // unique. Appendix F in the Ethereum Yellow paper (https://ethereum.github.io/yellowpaper/paper.pdf), defines
        // the valid range for s in (301): 0 < s < secp256k1n ÷ 2 + 1, and for v in (302): v ∈ {27, 28}. Most
        // signatures from current libraries generate a unique signature with an s-value in the lower half order.
        //
        // If your library generates malleable signatures, such as s-values in the upper range, calculate a new s-value
        // with 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEBAAEDCE6AF48A03BBFD25E8CD0364141 - s1 and flip v from 27 to 28 or
        // vice versa. If your library also generates signatures with 0/1 for v instead 27/28, add 27 to v to accept
        // these malleable signatures as well.
        if (uint256(s) > 0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF5D576E7357A4501DDFE92F46681B20A0) {
            return (address(0), RecoverError.InvalidSignatureS, s);
        }

        // If the signature is valid (and not malleable), return the signer address
        address signer = ecrecover(hash, v, r, s);
        if (signer == address(0)) {
            return (address(0), RecoverError.InvalidSignature, bytes32(0));
        }

        return (signer, RecoverError.NoError, bytes32(0));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Overload of {ECDSA-recover} that receives the `v`,
     * `r` and `s` signature fields separately.
     */
    function recover(bytes32 hash, uint8 v, bytes32 r, bytes32 s) internal pure returns (address) {
        (address recovered, RecoverError error, bytes32 errorArg) = tryRecover(hash, v, r, s);
        _throwError(error, errorArg);
        return recovered;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Optionally reverts with the corresponding custom error according to the `error` argument provided.
     */
    function _throwError(RecoverError error, bytes32 errorArg) private pure {
        if (error == RecoverError.NoError) {
            return; // no error: do nothing
        } else if (error == RecoverError.InvalidSignature) {
            revert ECDSAInvalidSignature();
        } else if (error == RecoverError.InvalidSignatureLength) {
            revert ECDSAInvalidSignatureLength(uint256(errorArg));
        } else if (error == RecoverError.InvalidSignatureS) {
            revert ECDSAInvalidSignatureS(errorArg);
        }
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity 0.8.21;

interface IYieldOracle {
    function apys(uint256 ilkIndex) external view returns (uint32);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (token/ERC20/extensions/IERC20Permit.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

/**
 * @dev Interface of the ERC20 Permit extension allowing approvals to be made via signatures, as defined in
 * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2612[EIP-2612].
 *
 * Adds the {permit} method, which can be used to change an account's ERC20 allowance (see {IERC20-allowance}) by
 * presenting a message signed by the account. By not relying on {IERC20-approve}, the token holder account doesn't
 * need to send a transaction, and thus is not required to hold Ether at all.
 *
 * ==== Security Considerations
 *
 * There are two important considerations concerning the use of `permit`. The first is that a valid permit signature
 * expresses an allowance, and it should not be assumed to convey additional meaning. In particular, it should not be
 * considered as an intention to spend the allowance in any specific way. The second is that because permits have
 * built-in replay protection and can be submitted by anyone, they can be frontrun. A protocol that uses permits should
 * take this into consideration and allow a `permit` call to fail. Combining these two aspects, a pattern that may be
 * generally recommended is:
 *
 * ```solidity
 * function doThingWithPermit(..., uint256 value, uint256 deadline, uint8 v, bytes32 r, bytes32 s) public {
 *     try token.permit(msg.sender, address(this), value, deadline, v, r, s) {} catch {}
 *     doThing(..., value);
 * }
 *
 * function doThing(..., uint256 value) public {
 *     token.safeTransferFrom(msg.sender, address(this), value);
 *     ...
 * }
 * ```
 *
 * Observe that: 1) `msg.sender` is used as the owner, leaving no ambiguity as to the signer intent, and 2) the use of
 * `try/catch` allows the permit to fail and makes the code tolerant to frontrunning. (See also
 * {SafeERC20-safeTransferFrom}).
 *
 * Additionally, note that smart contract wallets (such as Argent or Safe) are not able to produce permit signatures, so
 * contracts should have entry points that don't rely on permit.
 */
interface IERC20Permit {
    /**
     * @dev Sets `value` as the allowance of `spender` over ``owner``'s tokens,
     * given ``owner``'s signed approval.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: The same issues {IERC20-approve} has related to transaction
     * ordering also apply here.
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `spender` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `deadline` must be a timestamp in the future.
     * - `v`, `r` and `s` must be a valid `secp256k1` signature from `owner`
     * over the EIP712-formatted function arguments.
     * - the signature must use ``owner``'s current nonce (see {nonces}).
     *
     * For more information on the signature format, see the
     * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2612#specification[relevant EIP
     * section].
     *
     * CAUTION: See Security Considerations above.
     */
    function permit(
        address owner,
        address spender,
        uint256 value,
        uint256 deadline,
        uint8 v,
        bytes32 r,
        bytes32 s
    ) external;

    /**
     * @dev Returns the current nonce for `owner`. This value must be
     * included whenever a signature is generated for {permit}.
     *
     * Every successful call to {permit} increases ``owner``'s nonce by one. This
     * prevents a signature from being used multiple times.
     */
    function nonces(address owner) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the domain separator used in the encoding of the signature for {permit}, as defined by {EIP712}.
     */
    // solhint-disable-next-line func-name-mixedcase
    function DOMAIN_SEPARATOR() external view returns (bytes32);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (utils/Address.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

/**
 * @dev Collection of functions related to the address type
 */
library Address {
    /**
     * @dev The ETH balance of the account is not enough to perform the operation.
     */
    error AddressInsufficientBalance(address account);

    /**
     * @dev There's no code at `target` (it is not a contract).
     */
    error AddressEmptyCode(address target);

    /**
     * @dev A call to an address target failed. The target may have reverted.
     */
    error FailedInnerCall();

    /**
     * @dev Replacement for Solidity's `transfer`: sends `amount` wei to
     * `recipient`, forwarding all available gas and reverting on errors.
     *
     * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1884[EIP1884] increases the gas cost
     * of certain opcodes, possibly making contracts go over the 2300 gas limit
     * imposed by `transfer`, making them unable to receive funds via
     * `transfer`. {sendValue} removes this limitation.
     *
     * https://consensys.net/diligence/blog/2019/09/stop-using-soliditys-transfer-now/[Learn more].
     *
     * IMPORTANT: because control is transferred to `recipient`, care must be
     * taken to not create reentrancy vulnerabilities. Consider using
     * {ReentrancyGuard} or the
     * https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/v0.8.20/security-considerations.html#use-the-checks-effects-interactions-pattern[checks-effects-interactions pattern].
     */
    function sendValue(address payable recipient, uint256 amount) internal {
        if (address(this).balance < amount) {
            revert AddressInsufficientBalance(address(this));
        }

        (bool success, ) = recipient.call{value: amount}("");
        if (!success) {
            revert FailedInnerCall();
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Performs a Solidity function call using a low level `call`. A
     * plain `call` is an unsafe replacement for a function call: use this
     * function instead.
     *
     * If `target` reverts with a revert reason or custom error, it is bubbled
     * up by this function (like regular Solidity function calls). However, if
     * the call reverted with no returned reason, this function reverts with a
     * {FailedInnerCall} error.
     *
     * Returns the raw returned data. To convert to the expected return value,
     * use https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/latest/units-and-global-variables.html?highlight=abi.decode#abi-encoding-and-decoding-functions[`abi.decode`].
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `target` must be a contract.
     * - calling `target` with `data` must not revert.
     */
    function functionCall(address target, bytes memory data) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionCallWithValue(target, data, 0);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`],
     * but also transferring `value` wei to `target`.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - the calling contract must have an ETH balance of at least `value`.
     * - the called Solidity function must be `payable`.
     */
    function functionCallWithValue(address target, bytes memory data, uint256 value) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        if (address(this).balance < value) {
            revert AddressInsufficientBalance(address(this));
        }
        (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = target.call{value: value}(data);
        return verifyCallResultFromTarget(target, success, returndata);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`],
     * but performing a static call.
     */
    function functionStaticCall(address target, bytes memory data) internal view returns (bytes memory) {
        (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = target.staticcall(data);
        return verifyCallResultFromTarget(target, success, returndata);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`],
     * but performing a delegate call.
     */
    function functionDelegateCall(address target, bytes memory data) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = target.delegatecall(data);
        return verifyCallResultFromTarget(target, success, returndata);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Tool to verify that a low level call to smart-contract was successful, and reverts if the target
     * was not a contract or bubbling up the revert reason (falling back to {FailedInnerCall}) in case of an
     * unsuccessful call.
     */
    function verifyCallResultFromTarget(
        address target,
        bool success,
        bytes memory returndata
    ) internal view returns (bytes memory) {
        if (!success) {
            _revert(returndata);
        } else {
            // only check if target is a contract if the call was successful and the return data is empty
            // otherwise we already know that it was a contract
            if (returndata.length == 0 && target.code.length == 0) {
                revert AddressEmptyCode(target);
            }
            return returndata;
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Tool to verify that a low level call was successful, and reverts if it wasn't, either by bubbling the
     * revert reason or with a default {FailedInnerCall} error.
     */
    function verifyCallResult(bool success, bytes memory returndata) internal pure returns (bytes memory) {
        if (!success) {
            _revert(returndata);
        } else {
            return returndata;
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Reverts with returndata if present. Otherwise reverts with {FailedInnerCall}.
     */
    function _revert(bytes memory returndata) private pure {
        // Look for revert reason and bubble it up if present
        if (returndata.length > 0) {
            // The easiest way to bubble the revert reason is using memory via assembly
            /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
            assembly {
                let returndata_size := mload(returndata)
                revert(add(32, returndata), returndata_size)
            }
        } else {
            revert FailedInnerCall();
        }
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (proxy/utils/Initializable.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

/**
 * @dev This is a base contract to aid in writing upgradeable contracts, or any kind of contract that will be deployed
 * behind a proxy. Since proxied contracts do not make use of a constructor, it's common to move constructor logic to an
 * external initializer function, usually called `initialize`. It then becomes necessary to protect this initializer
 * function so it can only be called once. The {initializer} modifier provided by this contract will have this effect.
 *
 * The initialization functions use a version number. Once a version number is used, it is consumed and cannot be
 * reused. This mechanism prevents re-execution of each "step" but allows the creation of new initialization steps in
 * case an upgrade adds a module that needs to be initialized.
 *
 * For example:
 *
 * [.hljs-theme-light.nopadding]
 * ```solidity
 * contract MyToken is ERC20Upgradeable {
 *     function initialize() initializer public {
 *         __ERC20_init("MyToken", "MTK");
 *     }
 * }
 *
 * contract MyTokenV2 is MyToken, ERC20PermitUpgradeable {
 *     function initializeV2() reinitializer(2) public {
 *         __ERC20Permit_init("MyToken");
 *     }
 * }
 * ```
 *
 * TIP: To avoid leaving the proxy in an uninitialized state, the initializer function should be called as early as
 * possible by providing the encoded function call as the `_data` argument to {ERC1967Proxy-constructor}.
 *
 * CAUTION: When used with inheritance, manual care must be taken to not invoke a parent initializer twice, or to ensure
 * that all initializers are idempotent. This is not verified automatically as constructors are by Solidity.
 *
 * [CAUTION]
 * ====
 * Avoid leaving a contract uninitialized.
 *
 * An uninitialized contract can be taken over by an attacker. This applies to both a proxy and its implementation
 * contract, which may impact the proxy. To prevent the implementation contract from being used, you should invoke
 * the {_disableInitializers} function in the constructor to automatically lock it when it is deployed:
 *
 * [.hljs-theme-light.nopadding]
 * ```
 * /// @custom:oz-upgrades-unsafe-allow constructor
 * constructor() {
 *     _disableInitializers();
 * }
 * ```
 * ====
 */
abstract contract Initializable {
    /**
     * @dev Storage of the initializable contract.
     *
     * It's implemented on a custom ERC-7201 namespace to reduce the risk of storage collisions
     * when using with upgradeable contracts.
     *
     * @custom:storage-location erc7201:openzeppelin.storage.Initializable
     */
    struct InitializableStorage {
        /**
         * @dev Indicates that the contract has been initialized.
         */
        uint64 _initialized;
        /**
         * @dev Indicates that the contract is in the process of being initialized.
         */
        bool _initializing;
    }

    // keccak256(abi.encode(uint256(keccak256("openzeppelin.storage.Initializable")) - 1)) & ~bytes32(uint256(0xff))
    bytes32 private constant INITIALIZABLE_STORAGE = 0xf0c57e16840df040f15088dc2f81fe391c3923bec73e23a9662efc9c229c6a00;

    /**
     * @dev The contract is already initialized.
     */
    error InvalidInitialization();

    /**
     * @dev The contract is not initializing.
     */
    error NotInitializing();

    /**
     * @dev Triggered when the contract has been initialized or reinitialized.
     */
    event Initialized(uint64 version);

    /**
     * @dev A modifier that defines a protected initializer function that can be invoked at most once. In its scope,
     * `onlyInitializing` functions can be used to initialize parent contracts.
     *
     * Similar to `reinitializer(1)`, except that in the context of a constructor an `initializer` may be invoked any
     * number of times. This behavior in the constructor can be useful during testing and is not expected to be used in
     * production.
     *
     * Emits an {Initialized} event.
     */
    modifier initializer() {
        // solhint-disable-next-line var-name-mixedcase
        InitializableStorage storage $ = _getInitializableStorage();

        // Cache values to avoid duplicated sloads
        bool isTopLevelCall = !$._initializing;
        uint64 initialized = $._initialized;

        // Allowed calls:
        // - initialSetup: the contract is not in the initializing state and no previous version was
        //                 initialized
        // - construction: the contract is initialized at version 1 (no reininitialization) and the
        //                 current contract is just being deployed
        bool initialSetup = initialized == 0 && isTopLevelCall;
        bool construction = initialized == 1 && address(this).code.length == 0;

        if (!initialSetup && !construction) {
            revert InvalidInitialization();
        }
        $._initialized = 1;
        if (isTopLevelCall) {
            $._initializing = true;
        }
        _;
        if (isTopLevelCall) {
            $._initializing = false;
            emit Initialized(1);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev A modifier that defines a protected reinitializer function that can be invoked at most once, and only if the
     * contract hasn't been initialized to a greater version before. In its scope, `onlyInitializing` functions can be
     * used to initialize parent contracts.
     *
     * A reinitializer may be used after the original initialization step. This is essential to configure modules that
     * are added through upgrades and that require initialization.
     *
     * When `version` is 1, this modifier is similar to `initializer`, except that functions marked with `reinitializer`
     * cannot be nested. If one is invoked in the context of another, execution will revert.
     *
     * Note that versions can jump in increments greater than 1; this implies that if multiple reinitializers coexist in
     * a contract, executing them in the right order is up to the developer or operator.
     *
     * WARNING: Setting the version to 2**64 - 1 will prevent any future reinitialization.
     *
     * Emits an {Initialized} event.
     */
    modifier reinitializer(uint64 version) {
        // solhint-disable-next-line var-name-mixedcase
        InitializableStorage storage $ = _getInitializableStorage();

        if ($._initializing || $._initialized >= version) {
            revert InvalidInitialization();
        }
        $._initialized = version;
        $._initializing = true;
        _;
        $._initializing = false;
        emit Initialized(version);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Modifier to protect an initialization function so that it can only be invoked by functions with the
     * {initializer} and {reinitializer} modifiers, directly or indirectly.
     */
    modifier onlyInitializing() {
        _checkInitializing();
        _;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Reverts if the contract is not in an initializing state. See {onlyInitializing}.
     */
    function _checkInitializing() internal view virtual {
        if (!_isInitializing()) {
            revert NotInitializing();
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Locks the contract, preventing any future reinitialization. This cannot be part of an initializer call.
     * Calling this in the constructor of a contract will prevent that contract from being initialized or reinitialized
     * to any version. It is recommended to use this to lock implementation contracts that are designed to be called
     * through proxies.
     *
     * Emits an {Initialized} event the first time it is successfully executed.
     */
    function _disableInitializers() internal virtual {
        // solhint-disable-next-line var-name-mixedcase
        InitializableStorage storage $ = _getInitializableStorage();

        if ($._initializing) {
            revert InvalidInitialization();
        }
        if ($._initialized != type(uint64).max) {
            $._initialized = type(uint64).max;
            emit Initialized(type(uint64).max);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the highest version that has been initialized. See {reinitializer}.
     */
    function _getInitializedVersion() internal view returns (uint64) {
        return _getInitializableStorage()._initialized;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns `true` if the contract is currently initializing. See {onlyInitializing}.
     */
    function _isInitializing() internal view returns (bool) {
        return _getInitializableStorage()._initializing;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns a pointer to the storage namespace.
     */
    // solhint-disable-next-line var-name-mixedcase
    function _getInitializableStorage() private pure returns (InitializableStorage storage $) {
        assembly {
            $.slot := INITIALIZABLE_STORAGE
        }
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (utils/Context.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

/**
 * @dev Provides information about the current execution context, including the
 * sender of the transaction and its data. While these are generally available
 * via msg.sender and msg.data, they should not be accessed in such a direct
 * manner, since when dealing with meta-transactions the account sending and
 * paying for execution may not be the actual sender (as far as an application
 * is concerned).
 *
 * This contract is only required for intermediate, library-like contracts.
 */
abstract contract Context {
    function _msgSender() internal view virtual returns (address) {
        return msg.sender;
    }

    function _msgData() internal view virtual returns (bytes calldata) {
        return msg.data;
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: UNLICENSED
pragma solidity 0.8.21;

/**
 * @title IReserveFeed interface
 * @notice Interface for the reserve feeds for Ion Protocol.
 *
 */
interface IReserveFeed {
    /**
     * @dev updates the total reserve of the validator backed asset
     * @param ilkIndex the ilk index of the asset
     * @param reserve the total ETH reserve of the asset in wei
     */
    function updateExchangeRate(uint8 ilkIndex, uint256 reserve) external;

    /**
     * @dev returns the total reserve of the validator backed asset
     * @param ilkIndex the ilk index of the asset
     * @return the total ETH reserve of the asset in wei
     */
    function getExchangeRate(uint8 ilkIndex) external view returns (uint256);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (access/extensions/IAccessControlDefaultAdminRules.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {IAccessControl} from "../IAccessControl.sol";

/**
 * @dev External interface of AccessControlDefaultAdminRules declared to support ERC165 detection.
 */
interface IAccessControlDefaultAdminRules is IAccessControl {
    /**
     * @dev The new default admin is not a valid default admin.
     */
    error AccessControlInvalidDefaultAdmin(address defaultAdmin);

    /**
     * @dev At least one of the following rules was violated:
     *
     * - The `DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE` must only be managed by itself.
     * - The `DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE` must only be held by one account at the time.
     * - Any `DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE` transfer must be in two delayed steps.
     */
    error AccessControlEnforcedDefaultAdminRules();

    /**
     * @dev The delay for transferring the default admin delay is enforced and
     * the operation must wait until `schedule`.
     *
     * NOTE: `schedule` can be 0 indicating there's no transfer scheduled.
     */
    error AccessControlEnforcedDefaultAdminDelay(uint48 schedule);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when a {defaultAdmin} transfer is started, setting `newAdmin` as the next
     * address to become the {defaultAdmin} by calling {acceptDefaultAdminTransfer} only after `acceptSchedule`
     * passes.
     */
    event DefaultAdminTransferScheduled(address indexed newAdmin, uint48 acceptSchedule);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when a {pendingDefaultAdmin} is reset if it was never accepted, regardless of its schedule.
     */
    event DefaultAdminTransferCanceled();

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when a {defaultAdminDelay} change is started, setting `newDelay` as the next
     * delay to be applied between default admin transfer after `effectSchedule` has passed.
     */
    event DefaultAdminDelayChangeScheduled(uint48 newDelay, uint48 effectSchedule);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when a {pendingDefaultAdminDelay} is reset if its schedule didn't pass.
     */
    event DefaultAdminDelayChangeCanceled();

    /**
     * @dev Returns the address of the current `DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE` holder.
     */
    function defaultAdmin() external view returns (address);

    /**
     * @dev Returns a tuple of a `newAdmin` and an accept schedule.
     *
     * After the `schedule` passes, the `newAdmin` will be able to accept the {defaultAdmin} role
     * by calling {acceptDefaultAdminTransfer}, completing the role transfer.
     *
     * A zero value only in `acceptSchedule` indicates no pending admin transfer.
     *
     * NOTE: A zero address `newAdmin` means that {defaultAdmin} is being renounced.
     */
    function pendingDefaultAdmin() external view returns (address newAdmin, uint48 acceptSchedule);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the delay required to schedule the acceptance of a {defaultAdmin} transfer started.
     *
     * This delay will be added to the current timestamp when calling {beginDefaultAdminTransfer} to set
     * the acceptance schedule.
     *
     * NOTE: If a delay change has been scheduled, it will take effect as soon as the schedule passes, making this
     * function returns the new delay. See {changeDefaultAdminDelay}.
     */
    function defaultAdminDelay() external view returns (uint48);

    /**
     * @dev Returns a tuple of `newDelay` and an effect schedule.
     *
     * After the `schedule` passes, the `newDelay` will get into effect immediately for every
     * new {defaultAdmin} transfer started with {beginDefaultAdminTransfer}.
     *
     * A zero value only in `effectSchedule` indicates no pending delay change.
     *
     * NOTE: A zero value only for `newDelay` means that the next {defaultAdminDelay}
     * will be zero after the effect schedule.
     */
    function pendingDefaultAdminDelay() external view returns (uint48 newDelay, uint48 effectSchedule);

    /**
     * @dev Starts a {defaultAdmin} transfer by setting a {pendingDefaultAdmin} scheduled for acceptance
     * after the current timestamp plus a {defaultAdminDelay}.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - Only can be called by the current {defaultAdmin}.
     *
     * Emits a DefaultAdminRoleChangeStarted event.
     */
    function beginDefaultAdminTransfer(address newAdmin) external;

    /**
     * @dev Cancels a {defaultAdmin} transfer previously started with {beginDefaultAdminTransfer}.
     *
     * A {pendingDefaultAdmin} not yet accepted can also be cancelled with this function.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - Only can be called by the current {defaultAdmin}.
     *
     * May emit a DefaultAdminTransferCanceled event.
     */
    function cancelDefaultAdminTransfer() external;

    /**
     * @dev Completes a {defaultAdmin} transfer previously started with {beginDefaultAdminTransfer}.
     *
     * After calling the function:
     *
     * - `DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE` should be granted to the caller.
     * - `DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE` should be revoked from the previous holder.
     * - {pendingDefaultAdmin} should be reset to zero values.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - Only can be called by the {pendingDefaultAdmin}'s `newAdmin`.
     * - The {pendingDefaultAdmin}'s `acceptSchedule` should've passed.
     */
    function acceptDefaultAdminTransfer() external;

    /**
     * @dev Initiates a {defaultAdminDelay} update by setting a {pendingDefaultAdminDelay} scheduled for getting
     * into effect after the current timestamp plus a {defaultAdminDelay}.
     *
     * This function guarantees that any call to {beginDefaultAdminTransfer} done between the timestamp this
     * method is called and the {pendingDefaultAdminDelay} effect schedule will use the current {defaultAdminDelay}
     * set before calling.
     *
     * The {pendingDefaultAdminDelay}'s effect schedule is defined in a way that waiting until the schedule and then
     * calling {beginDefaultAdminTransfer} with the new delay will take at least the same as another {defaultAdmin}
     * complete transfer (including acceptance).
     *
     * The schedule is designed for two scenarios:
     *
     * - When the delay is changed for a larger one the schedule is `block.timestamp + newDelay` capped by
     * {defaultAdminDelayIncreaseWait}.
     * - When the delay is changed for a shorter one, the schedule is `block.timestamp + (current delay - new delay)`.
     *
     * A {pendingDefaultAdminDelay} that never got into effect will be canceled in favor of a new scheduled change.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - Only can be called by the current {defaultAdmin}.
     *
     * Emits a DefaultAdminDelayChangeScheduled event and may emit a DefaultAdminDelayChangeCanceled event.
     */
    function changeDefaultAdminDelay(uint48 newDelay) external;

    /**
     * @dev Cancels a scheduled {defaultAdminDelay} change.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - Only can be called by the current {defaultAdmin}.
     *
     * May emit a DefaultAdminDelayChangeCanceled event.
     */
    function rollbackDefaultAdminDelay() external;

    /**
     * @dev Maximum time in seconds for an increase to {defaultAdminDelay} (that is scheduled using {changeDefaultAdminDelay})
     * to take effect. Default to 5 days.
     *
     * When the {defaultAdminDelay} is scheduled to be increased, it goes into effect after the new delay has passed with
     * the purpose of giving enough time for reverting any accidental change (i.e. using milliseconds instead of seconds)
     * that may lock the contract. However, to avoid excessive schedules, the wait is capped by this function and it can
     * be overrode for a custom {defaultAdminDelay} increase scheduling.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: Make sure to add a reasonable amount of time while overriding this value, otherwise,
     * there's a risk of setting a high new delay that goes into effect almost immediately without the
     * possibility of human intervention in the case of an input error (eg. set milliseconds instead of seconds).
     */
    function defaultAdminDelayIncreaseWait() external view returns (uint48);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (access/AccessControl.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {IAccessControl} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/access/IAccessControl.sol";
import {ContextUpgradeable} from "../utils/ContextUpgradeable.sol";
import {ERC165Upgradeable} from "../utils/introspection/ERC165Upgradeable.sol";
import {Initializable} from "../proxy/utils/Initializable.sol";

/**
 * @dev Contract module that allows children to implement role-based access
 * control mechanisms. This is a lightweight version that doesn't allow enumerating role
 * members except through off-chain means by accessing the contract event logs. Some
 * applications may benefit from on-chain enumerability, for those cases see
 * {AccessControlEnumerable}.
 *
 * Roles are referred to by their `bytes32` identifier. These should be exposed
 * in the external API and be unique. The best way to achieve this is by
 * using `public constant` hash digests:
 *
 * ```solidity
 * bytes32 public constant MY_ROLE = keccak256("MY_ROLE");
 * ```
 *
 * Roles can be used to represent a set of permissions. To restrict access to a
 * function call, use {hasRole}:
 *
 * ```solidity
 * function foo() public {
 *     require(hasRole(MY_ROLE, msg.sender));
 *     ...
 * }
 * ```
 *
 * Roles can be granted and revoked dynamically via the {grantRole} and
 * {revokeRole} functions. Each role has an associated admin role, and only
 * accounts that have a role's admin role can call {grantRole} and {revokeRole}.
 *
 * By default, the admin role for all roles is `DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE`, which means
 * that only accounts with this role will be able to grant or revoke other
 * roles. More complex role relationships can be created by using
 * {_setRoleAdmin}.
 *
 * WARNING: The `DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE` is also its own admin: it has permission to
 * grant and revoke this role. Extra precautions should be taken to secure
 * accounts that have been granted it. We recommend using {AccessControlDefaultAdminRules}
 * to enforce additional security measures for this role.
 */
abstract contract AccessControlUpgradeable is Initializable, ContextUpgradeable, IAccessControl, ERC165Upgradeable {
    struct RoleData {
        mapping(address account => bool) hasRole;
        bytes32 adminRole;
    }

    bytes32 public constant DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE = 0x00;


    /// @custom:storage-location erc7201:openzeppelin.storage.AccessControl
    struct AccessControlStorage {
        mapping(bytes32 role => RoleData) _roles;
    }

    // keccak256(abi.encode(uint256(keccak256("openzeppelin.storage.AccessControl")) - 1)) & ~bytes32(uint256(0xff))
    bytes32 private constant AccessControlStorageLocation = 0x02dd7bc7dec4dceedda775e58dd541e08a116c6c53815c0bd028192f7b626800;

    function _getAccessControlStorage() private pure returns (AccessControlStorage storage $) {
        assembly {
            $.slot := AccessControlStorageLocation
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Modifier that checks that an account has a specific role. Reverts
     * with an {AccessControlUnauthorizedAccount} error including the required role.
     */
    modifier onlyRole(bytes32 role) {
        _checkRole(role);
        _;
    }

    function __AccessControl_init() internal onlyInitializing {
    }

    function __AccessControl_init_unchained() internal onlyInitializing {
    }
    /**
     * @dev See {IERC165-supportsInterface}.
     */
    function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId) public view virtual override returns (bool) {
        return interfaceId == type(IAccessControl).interfaceId || super.supportsInterface(interfaceId);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns `true` if `account` has been granted `role`.
     */
    function hasRole(bytes32 role, address account) public view virtual returns (bool) {
        AccessControlStorage storage $ = _getAccessControlStorage();
        return $._roles[role].hasRole[account];
    }

    /**
     * @dev Reverts with an {AccessControlUnauthorizedAccount} error if `_msgSender()`
     * is missing `role`. Overriding this function changes the behavior of the {onlyRole} modifier.
     */
    function _checkRole(bytes32 role) internal view virtual {
        _checkRole(role, _msgSender());
    }

    /**
     * @dev Reverts with an {AccessControlUnauthorizedAccount} error if `account`
     * is missing `role`.
     */
    function _checkRole(bytes32 role, address account) internal view virtual {
        if (!hasRole(role, account)) {
            revert AccessControlUnauthorizedAccount(account, role);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the admin role that controls `role`. See {grantRole} and
     * {revokeRole}.
     *
     * To change a role's admin, use {_setRoleAdmin}.
     */
    function getRoleAdmin(bytes32 role) public view virtual returns (bytes32) {
        AccessControlStorage storage $ = _getAccessControlStorage();
        return $._roles[role].adminRole;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Grants `role` to `account`.
     *
     * If `account` had not been already granted `role`, emits a {RoleGranted}
     * event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - the caller must have ``role``'s admin role.
     *
     * May emit a {RoleGranted} event.
     */
    function grantRole(bytes32 role, address account) public virtual onlyRole(getRoleAdmin(role)) {
        _grantRole(role, account);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Revokes `role` from `account`.
     *
     * If `account` had been granted `role`, emits a {RoleRevoked} event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - the caller must have ``role``'s admin role.
     *
     * May emit a {RoleRevoked} event.
     */
    function revokeRole(bytes32 role, address account) public virtual onlyRole(getRoleAdmin(role)) {
        _revokeRole(role, account);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Revokes `role` from the calling account.
     *
     * Roles are often managed via {grantRole} and {revokeRole}: this function's
     * purpose is to provide a mechanism for accounts to lose their privileges
     * if they are compromised (such as when a trusted device is misplaced).
     *
     * If the calling account had been revoked `role`, emits a {RoleRevoked}
     * event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - the caller must be `callerConfirmation`.
     *
     * May emit a {RoleRevoked} event.
     */
    function renounceRole(bytes32 role, address callerConfirmation) public virtual {
        if (callerConfirmation != _msgSender()) {
            revert AccessControlBadConfirmation();
        }

        _revokeRole(role, callerConfirmation);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Sets `adminRole` as ``role``'s admin role.
     *
     * Emits a {RoleAdminChanged} event.
     */
    function _setRoleAdmin(bytes32 role, bytes32 adminRole) internal virtual {
        AccessControlStorage storage $ = _getAccessControlStorage();
        bytes32 previousAdminRole = getRoleAdmin(role);
        $._roles[role].adminRole = adminRole;
        emit RoleAdminChanged(role, previousAdminRole, adminRole);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Attempts to grant `role` to `account` and returns a boolean indicating if `role` was granted.
     *
     * Internal function without access restriction.
     *
     * May emit a {RoleGranted} event.
     */
    function _grantRole(bytes32 role, address account) internal virtual returns (bool) {
        AccessControlStorage storage $ = _getAccessControlStorage();
        if (!hasRole(role, account)) {
            $._roles[role].hasRole[account] = true;
            emit RoleGranted(role, account, _msgSender());
            return true;
        } else {
            return false;
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Attempts to revoke `role` to `account` and returns a boolean indicating if `role` was revoked.
     *
     * Internal function without access restriction.
     *
     * May emit a {RoleRevoked} event.
     */
    function _revokeRole(bytes32 role, address account) internal virtual returns (bool) {
        AccessControlStorage storage $ = _getAccessControlStorage();
        if (hasRole(role, account)) {
            $._roles[role].hasRole[account] = false;
            emit RoleRevoked(role, account, _msgSender());
            return true;
        } else {
            return false;
        }
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (access/IAccessControl.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

/**
 * @dev External interface of AccessControl declared to support ERC165 detection.
 */
interface IAccessControl {
    /**
     * @dev The `account` is missing a role.
     */
    error AccessControlUnauthorizedAccount(address account, bytes32 neededRole);

    /**
     * @dev The caller of a function is not the expected one.
     *
     * NOTE: Don't confuse with {AccessControlUnauthorizedAccount}.
     */
    error AccessControlBadConfirmation();

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when `newAdminRole` is set as ``role``'s admin role, replacing `previousAdminRole`
     *
     * `DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE` is the starting admin for all roles, despite
     * {RoleAdminChanged} not being emitted signaling this.
     */
    event RoleAdminChanged(bytes32 indexed role, bytes32 indexed previousAdminRole, bytes32 indexed newAdminRole);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when `account` is granted `role`.
     *
     * `sender` is the account that originated the contract call, an admin role
     * bearer except when using {AccessControl-_setupRole}.
     */
    event RoleGranted(bytes32 indexed role, address indexed account, address indexed sender);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when `account` is revoked `role`.
     *
     * `sender` is the account that originated the contract call:
     *   - if using `revokeRole`, it is the admin role bearer
     *   - if using `renounceRole`, it is the role bearer (i.e. `account`)
     */
    event RoleRevoked(bytes32 indexed role, address indexed account, address indexed sender);

    /**
     * @dev Returns `true` if `account` has been granted `role`.
     */
    function hasRole(bytes32 role, address account) external view returns (bool);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the admin role that controls `role`. See {grantRole} and
     * {revokeRole}.
     *
     * To change a role's admin, use {AccessControl-_setRoleAdmin}.
     */
    function getRoleAdmin(bytes32 role) external view returns (bytes32);

    /**
     * @dev Grants `role` to `account`.
     *
     * If `account` had not been already granted `role`, emits a {RoleGranted}
     * event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - the caller must have ``role``'s admin role.
     */
    function grantRole(bytes32 role, address account) external;

    /**
     * @dev Revokes `role` from `account`.
     *
     * If `account` had been granted `role`, emits a {RoleRevoked} event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - the caller must have ``role``'s admin role.
     */
    function revokeRole(bytes32 role, address account) external;

    /**
     * @dev Revokes `role` from the calling account.
     *
     * Roles are often managed via {grantRole} and {revokeRole}: this function's
     * purpose is to provide a mechanism for accounts to lose their privileges
     * if they are compromised (such as when a trusted device is misplaced).
     *
     * If the calling account had been granted `role`, emits a {RoleRevoked}
     * event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - the caller must be `callerConfirmation`.
     */
    function renounceRole(bytes32 role, address callerConfirmation) external;
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (interfaces/IERC5313.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

/**
 * @dev Interface for the Light Contract Ownership Standard.
 *
 * A standardized minimal interface required to identify an account that controls a contract
 */
interface IERC5313 {
    /**
     * @dev Gets the address of the owner.
     */
    function owner() external view returns (address);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (utils/Strings.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {Math} from "./math/Math.sol";
import {SignedMath} from "./math/SignedMath.sol";

/**
 * @dev String operations.
 */
library Strings {
    bytes16 private constant HEX_DIGITS = "0123456789abcdef";
    uint8 private constant ADDRESS_LENGTH = 20;

    /**
     * @dev The `value` string doesn't fit in the specified `length`.
     */
    error StringsInsufficientHexLength(uint256 value, uint256 length);

    /**
     * @dev Converts a `uint256` to its ASCII `string` decimal representation.
     */
    function toString(uint256 value) internal pure returns (string memory) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 length = Math.log10(value) + 1;
            string memory buffer = new string(length);
            uint256 ptr;
            /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
            assembly {
                ptr := add(buffer, add(32, length))
            }
            while (true) {
                ptr--;
                /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
                assembly {
                    mstore8(ptr, byte(mod(value, 10), HEX_DIGITS))
                }
                value /= 10;
                if (value == 0) break;
            }
            return buffer;
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Converts a `int256` to its ASCII `string` decimal representation.
     */
    function toStringSigned(int256 value) internal pure returns (string memory) {
        return string.concat(value < 0 ? "-" : "", toString(SignedMath.abs(value)));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Converts a `uint256` to its ASCII `string` hexadecimal representation.
     */
    function toHexString(uint256 value) internal pure returns (string memory) {
        unchecked {
            return toHexString(value, Math.log256(value) + 1);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Converts a `uint256` to its ASCII `string` hexadecimal representation with fixed length.
     */
    function toHexString(uint256 value, uint256 length) internal pure returns (string memory) {
        uint256 localValue = value;
        bytes memory buffer = new bytes(2 * length + 2);
        buffer[0] = "0";
        buffer[1] = "x";
        for (uint256 i = 2 * length + 1; i > 1; --i) {
            buffer[i] = HEX_DIGITS[localValue & 0xf];
            localValue >>= 4;
        }
        if (localValue != 0) {
            revert StringsInsufficientHexLength(value, length);
        }
        return string(buffer);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Converts an `address` with fixed length of 20 bytes to its not checksummed ASCII `string` hexadecimal
     * representation.
     */
    function toHexString(address addr) internal pure returns (string memory) {
        return toHexString(uint256(uint160(addr)), ADDRESS_LENGTH);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns true if the two strings are equal.
     */
    function equal(string memory a, string memory b) internal pure returns (bool) {
        return bytes(a).length == bytes(b).length && keccak256(bytes(a)) == keccak256(bytes(b));
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (utils/introspection/ERC165.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {IERC165} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/introspection/IERC165.sol";
import {Initializable} from "../../proxy/utils/Initializable.sol";

/**
 * @dev Implementation of the {IERC165} interface.
 *
 * Contracts that want to implement ERC165 should inherit from this contract and override {supportsInterface} to check
 * for the additional interface id that will be supported. For example:
 *
 * ```solidity
 * function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId) public view virtual override returns (bool) {
 *     return interfaceId == type(MyInterface).interfaceId || super.supportsInterface(interfaceId);
 * }
 * ```
 */
abstract contract ERC165Upgradeable is Initializable, IERC165 {
    function __ERC165_init() internal onlyInitializing {
    }

    function __ERC165_init_unchained() internal onlyInitializing {
    }
    /**
     * @dev See {IERC165-supportsInterface}.
     */
    function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId) public view virtual returns (bool) {
        return interfaceId == type(IERC165).interfaceId;
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (utils/math/SignedMath.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

/**
 * @dev Standard signed math utilities missing in the Solidity language.
 */
library SignedMath {
    /**
     * @dev Returns the largest of two signed numbers.
     */
    function max(int256 a, int256 b) internal pure returns (int256) {
        return a > b ? a : b;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the smallest of two signed numbers.
     */
    function min(int256 a, int256 b) internal pure returns (int256) {
        return a < b ? a : b;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the average of two signed numbers without overflow.
     * The result is rounded towards zero.
     */
    function average(int256 a, int256 b) internal pure returns (int256) {
        // Formula from the book "Hacker's Delight"
        int256 x = (a & b) + ((a ^ b) >> 1);
        return x + (int256(uint256(x) >> 255) & (a ^ b));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the absolute unsigned value of a signed value.
     */
    function abs(int256 n) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            // must be unchecked in order to support `n = type(int256).min`
            return uint256(n >= 0 ? n : -n);
        }
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (utils/introspection/IERC165.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

/**
 * @dev Interface of the ERC165 standard, as defined in the
 * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-165[EIP].
 *
 * Implementers can declare support of contract interfaces, which can then be
 * queried by others ({ERC165Checker}).
 *
 * For an implementation, see {ERC165}.
 */
interface IERC165 {
    /**
     * @dev Returns true if this contract implements the interface defined by
     * `interfaceId`. See the corresponding
     * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-165#how-interfaces-are-identified[EIP section]
     * to learn more about how these ids are created.
     *
     * This function call must use less than 30 000 gas.
     */
    function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId) external view returns (bool);
}

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  "optimizer": {
    "enabled": true,
    "runs": 200
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  "metadata": {
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    "bytecodeHash": "ipfs",
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  },
  "outputSelection": {
    "*": {
      "*": [
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  },
  "evmVersion": "shanghai",
  "viaIR": false,
  "libraries": {}
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• No Contract Security Audit Submitted- Submit Audit Here

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s":[{"internalType":"uint256","name":"","type":"uint256"}],"stateMutability":"view","type":"function"},{"inputs":[],"name":"supplyFactorUnaccrued","outputs":[{"internalType":"uint256","name":"","type":"uint256"}],"stateMutability":"view","type":"function"},{"inputs":[{"internalType":"bytes4","name":"interfaceId","type":"bytes4"}],"name":"supportsInterface","outputs":[{"internalType":"bool","name":"","type":"bool"}],"stateMutability":"view","type":"function"},{"inputs":[],"name":"symbol","outputs":[{"internalType":"string","name":"","type":"string"}],"stateMutability":"view","type":"function"},{"inputs":[],"name":"totalSupply","outputs":[{"internalType":"uint256","name":"","type":"uint256"}],"stateMutability":"view","type":"function"},{"inputs":[],"name":"totalSupplyUnaccrued","outputs":[{"internalType":"uint256","name":"","type":"uint256"}],"stateMutability":"view","type":"function"},{"inputs":[{"internalType":"address","name":"to","type":"address"},{"internalType":"uint256","name":"amount","type":"uint256"}],"name":"transfer","outputs":[{"internalType":"bool","name":"","type":"bool"}],"stateMutability":"nonpayable","type":"function"},{"inputs":[{"internalType":"address","name":"from","type":"address"},{"internalType":"address","name":"to","type":"address"},{"internalType":"uint256","name":"amount","type":"uint256"}],"name":"transferFrom","outputs":[{"internalType":"bool","name":"","type":"bool"}],"stateMutability":"nonpayable","type":"function"},{"inputs":[{"internalType":"uint8","name":"ilkIndex","type":"uint8"},{"internalType":"address","name":"src","type":"address"},{"internalType":"address","name":"dst","type":"address"},{"internalType":"uint256","name":"wad","type":"uint256"}],"name":"transferGem","outputs":[],"stateMutability":"nonpayable","type":"function"},{"inputs":[],"name":"treasury","outputs":[{"internalType":"address","name":"","type":"address"}],"stateMutability":"view","type":"function"},{"inputs":[],"name":"underlying","outputs":[{"internalType":"contract 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