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ERC-20
Overview
Max Total Supply
100,000,000 swarms
Holders
1,400
Market
Onchain Market Cap
$0.00
Circulating Supply Market Cap
-
Other Info
Token Contract (WITH 9 Decimals)
Balance
0.000000001 swarmsValue
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# | Exchange | Pair | Price | 24H Volume | % Volume |
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Contract Source Code Verified (Exact Match)
Contract Name:
swarms
Compiler Version
v0.8.28+commit.7893614a
Contract Source Code (Solidity)
/** *Submitted for verification at Etherscan.io on 2024-12-29 */ // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT pragma solidity 0.8.28; /** * @dev Interface of the ERC-20 standard as defined in the ERC. */ interface IERC20 { /** * @dev Emitted when `value` tokens are moved from one account (`from`) to * another (`to`). * * Note that `value` may be zero. */ event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 value); /** * @dev Emitted when the allowance of a `spender` for an `owner` is set by * a call to {approve}. `value` is the new allowance. */ event Approval(address indexed owner, address indexed spender, uint256 value); /** * @dev Returns the value of tokens in existence. */ function totalSupply() external view returns (uint256); /** * @dev Returns the value of tokens owned by `account`. */ function balanceOf(address account) external view returns (uint256); /** * @dev Moves a `value` amount of tokens from the caller's account to `to`. * * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded. * * Emits a {Transfer} event. */ function transfer(address to, uint256 value) external returns (bool); /** * @dev Returns the remaining number of tokens that `spender` will be * allowed to spend on behalf of `owner` through {transferFrom}. This is * zero by default. * * This value changes when {approve} or {transferFrom} are called. */ function allowance(address owner, address spender) external view returns (uint256); /** * @dev Sets a `value` amount of tokens as the allowance of `spender` over the * caller's tokens. * * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded. * * IMPORTANT: Beware that changing an allowance with this method brings the risk * that someone may use both the old and the new allowance by unfortunate * transaction ordering. One possible solution to mitigate this race * condition is to first reduce the spender's allowance to 0 and set the * desired value afterwards: * https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/20#issuecomment-263524729 * * Emits an {Approval} event. */ function approve(address spender, uint256 value) external returns (bool); /** * @dev Moves a `value` amount of tokens from `from` to `to` using the * allowance mechanism. `value` is then deducted from the caller's * allowance. * * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded. * * Emits a {Transfer} event. */ function transferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 value) external returns (bool); } /** * @dev Interface for the optional metadata functions from the ERC-20 standard. */ interface IERC20Metadata is IERC20 { /** * @dev Returns the name of the token. */ function name() external view returns (string memory); /** * @dev Returns the symbol of the token. */ function symbol() external view returns (string memory); /** * @dev Returns the decimals places of the token. */ function decimals() external view returns (uint8); } /** * @dev Provides information about the current execution context, including the * sender of the transaction and its data. While these are generally available * via msg.sender and msg.data, they should not be accessed in such a direct * manner, since when dealing with meta-transactions the account sending and * paying for execution may not be the actual sender (as far as an application * is concerned). * * This contract is only required for intermediate, library-like contracts. */ abstract contract Context { function _msgSender() internal view virtual returns (address) { return msg.sender; } function _msgData() internal view virtual returns (bytes calldata) { return msg.data; } function _contextSuffixLength() internal view virtual returns (uint256) { return 0; } } /** * @dev Standard ERC-20 Errors * Interface of the https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-6093[ERC-6093] custom errors for ERC-20 tokens. */ interface IERC20Errors { /** * @dev Indicates an error related to the current `balance` of a `sender`. Used in transfers. * @param sender Address whose tokens are being transferred. * @param balance Current balance for the interacting account. * @param needed Minimum amount required to perform a transfer. */ error ERC20InsufficientBalance(address sender, uint256 balance, uint256 needed); /** * @dev Indicates a failure with the token `sender`. Used in transfers. * @param sender Address whose tokens are being transferred. */ error ERC20InvalidSender(address sender); /** * @dev Indicates a failure with the token `receiver`. Used in transfers. * @param receiver Address to which tokens are being transferred. */ error ERC20InvalidReceiver(address receiver); /** * @dev Indicates a failure with the `spender`’s `allowance`. Used in transfers. * @param spender Address that may be allowed to operate on tokens without being their owner. * @param allowance Amount of tokens a `spender` is allowed to operate with. * @param needed Minimum amount required to perform a transfer. */ error ERC20InsufficientAllowance(address spender, uint256 allowance, uint256 needed); /** * @dev Indicates a failure with the `approver` of a token to be approved. Used in approvals. * @param approver Address initiating an approval operation. */ error ERC20InvalidApprover(address approver); /** * @dev Indicates a failure with the `spender` to be approved. Used in approvals. * @param spender Address that may be allowed to operate on tokens without being their owner. */ error ERC20InvalidSpender(address spender); } interface IERC20Permit { /** * @dev Sets `value` as the allowance of `spender` over ``owner``'s tokens, * given ``owner``'s signed approval. * * IMPORTANT: The same issues {IERC20-approve} has related to transaction * ordering also apply here. * * Emits an {Approval} event. * * Requirements: * * - `spender` cannot be the zero address. * - `deadline` must be a timestamp in the future. * - `v`, `r` and `s` must be a valid `secp256k1` signature from `owner` * over the EIP712-formatted function arguments. * - the signature must use ``owner``'s current nonce (see {nonces}). * * For more information on the signature format, see the * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2612#specification[relevant EIP * section]. * * CAUTION: See Security Considerations above. */ function permit( address owner, address spender, uint256 value, uint256 deadline, uint8 v, bytes32 r, bytes32 s ) external; /** * @dev Returns the current nonce for `owner`. This value must be * included whenever a signature is generated for {permit}. * * Every successful call to {permit} increases ``owner``'s nonce by one. This * prevents a signature from being used multiple times. */ function nonces(address owner) external view returns (uint256); /** * @dev Returns the domain separator used in the encoding of the signature for {permit}, as defined by {EIP712}. */ // solhint-disable-next-line func-name-mixedcase function DOMAIN_SEPARATOR() external view returns (bytes32); } /** * @dev Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) operations. * * These functions can be used to verify that a message was signed by the holder * of the private keys of a given address. */ library Panic { /// @dev generic / unspecified error uint256 internal constant GENERIC = 0x00; /// @dev used by the assert() builtin uint256 internal constant ASSERT = 0x01; /// @dev arithmetic underflow or overflow uint256 internal constant UNDER_OVERFLOW = 0x11; /// @dev division or modulo by zero uint256 internal constant DIVISION_BY_ZERO = 0x12; /// @dev enum conversion error uint256 internal constant ENUM_CONVERSION_ERROR = 0x21; /// @dev invalid encoding in storage uint256 internal constant STORAGE_ENCODING_ERROR = 0x22; /// @dev empty array pop uint256 internal constant EMPTY_ARRAY_POP = 0x31; /// @dev array out of bounds access uint256 internal constant ARRAY_OUT_OF_BOUNDS = 0x32; /// @dev resource error (too large allocation or too large array) uint256 internal constant RESOURCE_ERROR = 0x41; /// @dev calling invalid internal function uint256 internal constant INVALID_INTERNAL_FUNCTION = 0x51; /// @dev Reverts with a panic code. Recommended to use with /// the internal constants with predefined codes. function panic(uint256 code) internal pure { assembly ("memory-safe") { mstore(0x00, 0x4e487b71) mstore(0x20, code) revert(0x1c, 0x24) } } } library SafeCast { /** * @dev Value doesn't fit in an uint of `bits` size. */ error SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(uint8 bits, uint256 value); /** * @dev An int value doesn't fit in an uint of `bits` size. */ error SafeCastOverflowedIntToUint(int256 value); /** * @dev Value doesn't fit in an int of `bits` size. */ error SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(uint8 bits, int256 value); /** * @dev An uint value doesn't fit in an int of `bits` size. */ error SafeCastOverflowedUintToInt(uint256 value); /** * @dev Returns the downcasted uint248 from uint256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint248). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint248` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 248 bits */ function toUint248(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint248) { if (value > type(uint248).max) { revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(248, value); } return uint248(value); } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted uint240 from uint256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint240). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint240` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 240 bits */ function toUint240(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint240) { if (value > type(uint240).max) { revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(240, value); } return uint240(value); } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted uint232 from uint256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint232). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint232` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 232 bits */ function toUint232(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint232) { if (value > type(uint232).max) { revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(232, value); } return uint232(value); } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted uint224 from uint256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint224). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint224` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 224 bits */ function toUint224(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint224) { if (value > type(uint224).max) { revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(224, value); } return uint224(value); } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted uint216 from uint256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint216). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint216` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 216 bits */ function toUint216(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint216) { if (value > type(uint216).max) { revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(216, value); } return uint216(value); } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted uint208 from uint256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint208). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint208` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 208 bits */ function toUint208(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint208) { if (value > type(uint208).max) { revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(208, value); } return uint208(value); } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted uint200 from uint256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint200). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint200` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 200 bits */ function toUint200(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint200) { if (value > type(uint200).max) { revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(200, value); } return uint200(value); } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted uint192 from uint256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint192). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint192` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 192 bits */ function toUint192(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint192) { if (value > type(uint192).max) { revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(192, value); } return uint192(value); } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted uint184 from uint256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint184). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint184` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 184 bits */ function toUint184(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint184) { if (value > type(uint184).max) { revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(184, value); } return uint184(value); } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted uint176 from uint256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint176). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint176` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 176 bits */ function toUint176(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint176) { if (value > type(uint176).max) { revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(176, value); } return uint176(value); } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted uint168 from uint256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint168). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint168` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 168 bits */ function toUint168(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint168) { if (value > type(uint168).max) { revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(168, value); } return uint168(value); } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted uint160 from uint256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint160). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint160` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 160 bits */ function toUint160(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint160) { if (value > type(uint160).max) { revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(160, value); } return uint160(value); } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted uint152 from uint256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint152). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint152` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 152 bits */ function toUint152(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint152) { if (value > type(uint152).max) { revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(152, value); } return uint152(value); } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted uint144 from uint256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint144). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint144` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 144 bits */ function toUint144(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint144) { if (value > type(uint144).max) { revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(144, value); } return uint144(value); } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted uint136 from uint256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint136). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint136` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 136 bits */ function toUint136(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint136) { if (value > type(uint136).max) { revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(136, value); } return uint136(value); } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted uint128 from uint256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint128). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint128` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 128 bits */ function toUint128(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint128) { if (value > type(uint128).max) { revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(128, value); } return uint128(value); } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted uint120 from uint256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint120). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint120` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 120 bits */ function toUint120(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint120) { if (value > type(uint120).max) { revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(120, value); } return uint120(value); } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted uint112 from uint256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint112). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint112` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 112 bits */ function toUint112(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint112) { if (value > type(uint112).max) { revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(112, value); } return uint112(value); } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted uint104 from uint256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint104). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint104` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 104 bits */ function toUint104(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint104) { if (value > type(uint104).max) { revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(104, value); } return uint104(value); } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted uint96 from uint256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint96). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint96` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 96 bits */ function toUint96(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint96) { if (value > type(uint96).max) { revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(96, value); } return uint96(value); } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted uint88 from uint256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint88). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint88` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 88 bits */ function toUint88(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint88) { if (value > type(uint88).max) { revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(88, value); } return uint88(value); } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted uint80 from uint256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint80). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint80` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 80 bits */ function toUint80(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint80) { if (value > type(uint80).max) { revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(80, value); } return uint80(value); } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted uint72 from uint256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint72). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint72` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 72 bits */ function toUint72(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint72) { if (value > type(uint72).max) { revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(72, value); } return uint72(value); } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted uint64 from uint256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint64). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint64` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 64 bits */ function toUint64(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint64) { if (value > type(uint64).max) { revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(64, value); } return uint64(value); } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted uint56 from uint256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint56). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint56` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 56 bits */ function toUint56(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint56) { if (value > type(uint56).max) { revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(56, value); } return uint56(value); } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted uint48 from uint256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint48). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint48` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 48 bits */ function toUint48(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint48) { if (value > type(uint48).max) { revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(48, value); } return uint48(value); } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted uint40 from uint256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint40). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint40` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 40 bits */ function toUint40(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint40) { if (value > type(uint40).max) { revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(40, value); } return uint40(value); } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted uint32 from uint256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint32). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint32` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 32 bits */ function toUint32(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint32) { if (value > type(uint32).max) { revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(32, value); } return uint32(value); } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted uint24 from uint256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint24). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint24` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 24 bits */ function toUint24(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint24) { if (value > type(uint24).max) { revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(24, value); } return uint24(value); } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted uint16 from uint256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint16). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint16` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 16 bits */ function toUint16(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint16) { if (value > type(uint16).max) { revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(16, value); } return uint16(value); } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted uint8 from uint256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint8). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint8` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 8 bits */ function toUint8(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint8) { if (value > type(uint8).max) { revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(8, value); } return uint8(value); } /** * @dev Converts a signed int256 into an unsigned uint256. * * Requirements: * * - input must be greater than or equal to 0. */ function toUint256(int256 value) internal pure returns (uint256) { if (value < 0) { revert SafeCastOverflowedIntToUint(value); } return uint256(value); } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted int248 from int256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int248 or * greater than largest int248). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `int248` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 248 bits */ function toInt248(int256 value) internal pure returns (int248 downcasted) { downcasted = int248(value); if (downcasted != value) { revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(248, value); } } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted int240 from int256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int240 or * greater than largest int240). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `int240` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 240 bits */ function toInt240(int256 value) internal pure returns (int240 downcasted) { downcasted = int240(value); if (downcasted != value) { revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(240, value); } } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted int232 from int256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int232 or * greater than largest int232). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `int232` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 232 bits */ function toInt232(int256 value) internal pure returns (int232 downcasted) { downcasted = int232(value); if (downcasted != value) { revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(232, value); } } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted int224 from int256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int224 or * greater than largest int224). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `int224` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 224 bits */ function toInt224(int256 value) internal pure returns (int224 downcasted) { downcasted = int224(value); if (downcasted != value) { revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(224, value); } } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted int216 from int256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int216 or * greater than largest int216). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `int216` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 216 bits */ function toInt216(int256 value) internal pure returns (int216 downcasted) { downcasted = int216(value); if (downcasted != value) { revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(216, value); } } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted int208 from int256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int208 or * greater than largest int208). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `int208` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 208 bits */ function toInt208(int256 value) internal pure returns (int208 downcasted) { downcasted = int208(value); if (downcasted != value) { revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(208, value); } } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted int200 from int256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int200 or * greater than largest int200). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `int200` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 200 bits */ function toInt200(int256 value) internal pure returns (int200 downcasted) { downcasted = int200(value); if (downcasted != value) { revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(200, value); } } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted int192 from int256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int192 or * greater than largest int192). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `int192` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 192 bits */ function toInt192(int256 value) internal pure returns (int192 downcasted) { downcasted = int192(value); if (downcasted != value) { revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(192, value); } } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted int184 from int256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int184 or * greater than largest int184). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `int184` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 184 bits */ function toInt184(int256 value) internal pure returns (int184 downcasted) { downcasted = int184(value); if (downcasted != value) { revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(184, value); } } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted int176 from int256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int176 or * greater than largest int176). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `int176` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 176 bits */ function toInt176(int256 value) internal pure returns (int176 downcasted) { downcasted = int176(value); if (downcasted != value) { revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(176, value); } } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted int168 from int256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int168 or * greater than largest int168). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `int168` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 168 bits */ function toInt168(int256 value) internal pure returns (int168 downcasted) { downcasted = int168(value); if (downcasted != value) { revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(168, value); } } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted int160 from int256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int160 or * greater than largest int160). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `int160` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 160 bits */ function toInt160(int256 value) internal pure returns (int160 downcasted) { downcasted = int160(value); if (downcasted != value) { revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(160, value); } } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted int152 from int256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int152 or * greater than largest int152). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `int152` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 152 bits */ function toInt152(int256 value) internal pure returns (int152 downcasted) { downcasted = int152(value); if (downcasted != value) { revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(152, value); } } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted int144 from int256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int144 or * greater than largest int144). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `int144` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 144 bits */ function toInt144(int256 value) internal pure returns (int144 downcasted) { downcasted = int144(value); if (downcasted != value) { revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(144, value); } } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted int136 from int256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int136 or * greater than largest int136). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `int136` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 136 bits */ function toInt136(int256 value) internal pure returns (int136 downcasted) { downcasted = int136(value); if (downcasted != value) { revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(136, value); } } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted int128 from int256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int128 or * greater than largest int128). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `int128` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 128 bits */ function toInt128(int256 value) internal pure returns (int128 downcasted) { downcasted = int128(value); if (downcasted != value) { revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(128, value); } } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted int120 from int256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int120 or * greater than largest int120). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `int120` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 120 bits */ function toInt120(int256 value) internal pure returns (int120 downcasted) { downcasted = int120(value); if (downcasted != value) { revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(120, value); } } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted int112 from int256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int112 or * greater than largest int112). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `int112` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 112 bits */ function toInt112(int256 value) internal pure returns (int112 downcasted) { downcasted = int112(value); if (downcasted != value) { revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(112, value); } } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted int104 from int256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int104 or * greater than largest int104). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `int104` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 104 bits */ function toInt104(int256 value) internal pure returns (int104 downcasted) { downcasted = int104(value); if (downcasted != value) { revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(104, value); } } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted int96 from int256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int96 or * greater than largest int96). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `int96` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 96 bits */ function toInt96(int256 value) internal pure returns (int96 downcasted) { downcasted = int96(value); if (downcasted != value) { revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(96, value); } } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted int88 from int256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int88 or * greater than largest int88). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `int88` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 88 bits */ function toInt88(int256 value) internal pure returns (int88 downcasted) { downcasted = int88(value); if (downcasted != value) { revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(88, value); } } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted int80 from int256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int80 or * greater than largest int80). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `int80` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 80 bits */ function toInt80(int256 value) internal pure returns (int80 downcasted) { downcasted = int80(value); if (downcasted != value) { revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(80, value); } } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted int72 from int256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int72 or * greater than largest int72). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `int72` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 72 bits */ function toInt72(int256 value) internal pure returns (int72 downcasted) { downcasted = int72(value); if (downcasted != value) { revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(72, value); } } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted int64 from int256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int64 or * greater than largest int64). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `int64` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 64 bits */ function toInt64(int256 value) internal pure returns (int64 downcasted) { downcasted = int64(value); if (downcasted != value) { revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(64, value); } } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted int56 from int256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int56 or * greater than largest int56). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `int56` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 56 bits */ function toInt56(int256 value) internal pure returns (int56 downcasted) { downcasted = int56(value); if (downcasted != value) { revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(56, value); } } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted int48 from int256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int48 or * greater than largest int48). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `int48` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 48 bits */ function toInt48(int256 value) internal pure returns (int48 downcasted) { downcasted = int48(value); if (downcasted != value) { revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(48, value); } } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted int40 from int256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int40 or * greater than largest int40). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `int40` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 40 bits */ function toInt40(int256 value) internal pure returns (int40 downcasted) { downcasted = int40(value); if (downcasted != value) { revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(40, value); } } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted int32 from int256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int32 or * greater than largest int32). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `int32` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 32 bits */ function toInt32(int256 value) internal pure returns (int32 downcasted) { downcasted = int32(value); if (downcasted != value) { revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(32, value); } } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted int24 from int256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int24 or * greater than largest int24). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `int24` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 24 bits */ function toInt24(int256 value) internal pure returns (int24 downcasted) { downcasted = int24(value); if (downcasted != value) { revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(24, value); } } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted int16 from int256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int16 or * greater than largest int16). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `int16` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 16 bits */ function toInt16(int256 value) internal pure returns (int16 downcasted) { downcasted = int16(value); if (downcasted != value) { revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(16, value); } } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted int8 from int256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int8 or * greater than largest int8). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `int8` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 8 bits */ function toInt8(int256 value) internal pure returns (int8 downcasted) { downcasted = int8(value); if (downcasted != value) { revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(8, value); } } /** * @dev Converts an unsigned uint256 into a signed int256. * * Requirements: * * - input must be less than or equal to maxInt256. */ function toInt256(uint256 value) internal pure returns (int256) { // Note: Unsafe cast below is okay because `type(int256).max` is guaranteed to be positive if (value > uint256(type(int256).max)) { revert SafeCastOverflowedUintToInt(value); } return int256(value); } /** * @dev Cast a boolean (false or true) to a uint256 (0 or 1) with no jump. */ function toUint(bool b) internal pure returns (uint256 u) { assembly ("memory-safe") { u := iszero(iszero(b)) } } } library Math { enum Rounding { Floor, // Toward negative infinity Ceil, // Toward positive infinity Trunc, // Toward zero Expand // Away from zero } /** * @dev Returns the addition of two unsigned integers, with an success flag (no overflow). */ function tryAdd(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (bool success, uint256 result) { unchecked { uint256 c = a + b; if (c < a) return (false, 0); return (true, c); } } /** * @dev Returns the subtraction of two unsigned integers, with an success flag (no overflow). */ function trySub(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (bool success, uint256 result) { unchecked { if (b > a) return (false, 0); return (true, a - b); } } /** * @dev Returns the multiplication of two unsigned integers, with an success flag (no overflow). */ function tryMul(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (bool success, uint256 result) { unchecked { // Gas optimization: this is cheaper than requiring 'a' not being zero, but the // benefit is lost if 'b' is also tested. // See: https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-contracts/pull/522 if (a == 0) return (true, 0); uint256 c = a * b; if (c / a != b) return (false, 0); return (true, c); } } /** * @dev Returns the division of two unsigned integers, with a success flag (no division by zero). */ function tryDiv(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (bool success, uint256 result) { unchecked { if (b == 0) return (false, 0); return (true, a / b); } } /** * @dev Returns the remainder of dividing two unsigned integers, with a success flag (no division by zero). */ function tryMod(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (bool success, uint256 result) { unchecked { if (b == 0) return (false, 0); return (true, a % b); } } /** * @dev Branchless ternary evaluation for `a ? b : c`. Gas costs are constant. * * IMPORTANT: This function may reduce bytecode size and consume less gas when used standalone. * However, the compiler may optimize Solidity ternary operations (i.e. `a ? b : c`) to only compute * one branch when needed, making this function more expensive. */ function ternary(bool condition, uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) { unchecked { // branchless ternary works because: // b ^ (a ^ b) == a // b ^ 0 == b return b ^ ((a ^ b) * SafeCast.toUint(condition)); } } /** * @dev Returns the largest of two numbers. */ function max(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) { return ternary(a > b, a, b); } /** * @dev Returns the smallest of two numbers. */ function min(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) { return ternary(a < b, a, b); } /** * @dev Returns the average of two numbers. The result is rounded towards * zero. */ function average(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) { // (a + b) / 2 can overflow. return (a & b) + (a ^ b) / 2; } /** * @dev Returns the ceiling of the division of two numbers. * * This differs from standard division with `/` in that it rounds towards infinity instead * of rounding towards zero. */ function ceilDiv(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) { if (b == 0) { // Guarantee the same behavior as in a regular Solidity division. Panic.panic(Panic.DIVISION_BY_ZERO); } // The following calculation ensures accurate ceiling division without overflow. // Since a is non-zero, (a - 1) / b will not overflow. // The largest possible result occurs when (a - 1) / b is type(uint256).max, // but the largest value we can obtain is type(uint256).max - 1, which happens // when a = type(uint256).max and b = 1. unchecked { return SafeCast.toUint(a > 0) * ((a - 1) / b + 1); } } /** * @dev Calculates floor(x * y / denominator) with full precision. Throws if result overflows a uint256 or * denominator == 0. * * Original credit to Remco Bloemen under MIT license (https://xn--2-umb.com/21/muldiv) with further edits by * Uniswap Labs also under MIT license. */ function mulDiv(uint256 x, uint256 y, uint256 denominator) internal pure returns (uint256 result) { unchecked { // 512-bit multiply [prod1 prod0] = x * y. Compute the product mod 2²⁵⁶ and mod 2²⁵⁶ - 1, then use // the Chinese Remainder Theorem to reconstruct the 512 bit result. The result is stored in two 256 // variables such that product = prod1 * 2²⁵⁶ + prod0. uint256 prod0 = x * y; // Least significant 256 bits of the product uint256 prod1; // Most significant 256 bits of the product assembly { let mm := mulmod(x, y, not(0)) prod1 := sub(sub(mm, prod0), lt(mm, prod0)) } // Handle non-overflow cases, 256 by 256 division. if (prod1 == 0) { // Solidity will revert if denominator == 0, unlike the div opcode on its own. // The surrounding unchecked block does not change this fact. // See https://docs.soliditylang.org/en/latest/control-structures.html#checked-or-unchecked-arithmetic. return prod0 / denominator; } // Make sure the result is less than 2²⁵⁶. Also prevents denominator == 0. if (denominator <= prod1) { Panic.panic(ternary(denominator == 0, Panic.DIVISION_BY_ZERO, Panic.UNDER_OVERFLOW)); } /////////////////////////////////////////////// // 512 by 256 division. /////////////////////////////////////////////// // Make division exact by subtracting the remainder from [prod1 prod0]. uint256 remainder; assembly { // Compute remainder using mulmod. remainder := mulmod(x, y, denominator) // Subtract 256 bit number from 512 bit number. prod1 := sub(prod1, gt(remainder, prod0)) prod0 := sub(prod0, remainder) } // Factor powers of two out of denominator and compute largest power of two divisor of denominator. // Always >= 1. See https://cs.stackexchange.com/q/138556/92363. uint256 twos = denominator & (0 - denominator); assembly { // Divide denominator by twos. denominator := div(denominator, twos) // Divide [prod1 prod0] by twos. prod0 := div(prod0, twos) // Flip twos such that it is 2²⁵⁶ / twos. If twos is zero, then it becomes one. twos := add(div(sub(0, twos), twos), 1) } // Shift in bits from prod1 into prod0. prod0 |= prod1 * twos; // Invert denominator mod 2²⁵⁶. Now that denominator is an odd number, it has an inverse modulo 2²⁵⁶ such // that denominator * inv ≡ 1 mod 2²⁵⁶. Compute the inverse by starting with a seed that is correct for // four bits. That is, denominator * inv ≡ 1 mod 2⁴. uint256 inverse = (3 * denominator) ^ 2; // Use the Newton-Raphson iteration to improve the precision. Thanks to Hensel's lifting lemma, this also // works in modular arithmetic, doubling the correct bits in each step. inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2⁸ inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2¹⁶ inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2³² inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2⁶⁴ inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2¹²⁸ inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2²⁵⁶ // Because the division is now exact we can divide by multiplying with the modular inverse of denominator. // This will give us the correct result modulo 2²⁵⁶. Since the preconditions guarantee that the outcome is // less than 2²⁵⁶, this is the final result. We don't need to compute the high bits of the result and prod1 // is no longer required. result = prod0 * inverse; return result; } } /** * @dev Calculates x * y / denominator with full precision, following the selected rounding direction. */ function mulDiv(uint256 x, uint256 y, uint256 denominator, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) { return mulDiv(x, y, denominator) + SafeCast.toUint(unsignedRoundsUp(rounding) && mulmod(x, y, denominator) > 0); } /** * @dev Calculate the modular multiplicative inverse of a number in Z/nZ. * * If n is a prime, then Z/nZ is a field. In that case all elements are inversible, except 0. * If n is not a prime, then Z/nZ is not a field, and some elements might not be inversible. * * If the input value is not inversible, 0 is returned. * * NOTE: If you know for sure that n is (big) a prime, it may be cheaper to use Fermat's little theorem and get the * inverse using `Math.modExp(a, n - 2, n)`. See {invModPrime}. */ function invMod(uint256 a, uint256 n) internal pure returns (uint256) { unchecked { if (n == 0) return 0; // The inverse modulo is calculated using the Extended Euclidean Algorithm (iterative version) // Used to compute integers x and y such that: ax + ny = gcd(a, n). // When the gcd is 1, then the inverse of a modulo n exists and it's x. // ax + ny = 1 // ax = 1 + (-y)n // ax ≡ 1 (mod n) # x is the inverse of a modulo n // If the remainder is 0 the gcd is n right away. uint256 remainder = a % n; uint256 gcd = n; // Therefore the initial coefficients are: // ax + ny = gcd(a, n) = n // 0a + 1n = n int256 x = 0; int256 y = 1; while (remainder != 0) { uint256 quotient = gcd / remainder; (gcd, remainder) = ( // The old remainder is the next gcd to try. remainder, // Compute the next remainder. // Can't overflow given that (a % gcd) * (gcd // (a % gcd)) <= gcd // where gcd is at most n (capped to type(uint256).max) gcd - remainder * quotient ); (x, y) = ( // Increment the coefficient of a. y, // Decrement the coefficient of n. // Can overflow, but the result is casted to uint256 so that the // next value of y is "wrapped around" to a value between 0 and n - 1. x - y * int256(quotient) ); } if (gcd != 1) return 0; // No inverse exists. return ternary(x < 0, n - uint256(-x), uint256(x)); // Wrap the result if it's negative. } } /** * @dev Variant of {invMod}. More efficient, but only works if `p` is known to be a prime greater than `2`. * * From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermat%27s_little_theorem[Fermat's little theorem], we know that if p is * prime, then `a**(p-1) ≡ 1 mod p`. As a consequence, we have `a * a**(p-2) ≡ 1 mod p`, which means that * `a**(p-2)` is the modular multiplicative inverse of a in Fp. * * NOTE: this function does NOT check that `p` is a prime greater than `2`. */ function invModPrime(uint256 a, uint256 p) internal view returns (uint256) { unchecked { return Math.modExp(a, p - 2, p); } } /** * @dev Returns the modular exponentiation of the specified base, exponent and modulus (b ** e % m) * * Requirements: * - modulus can't be zero * - underlying staticcall to precompile must succeed * * IMPORTANT: The result is only valid if the underlying call succeeds. When using this function, make * sure the chain you're using it on supports the precompiled contract for modular exponentiation * at address 0x05 as specified in https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-198[EIP-198]. Otherwise, * the underlying function will succeed given the lack of a revert, but the result may be incorrectly * interpreted as 0. */ function modExp(uint256 b, uint256 e, uint256 m) internal view returns (uint256) { (bool success, uint256 result) = tryModExp(b, e, m); if (!success) { Panic.panic(Panic.DIVISION_BY_ZERO); } return result; } /** * @dev Returns the modular exponentiation of the specified base, exponent and modulus (b ** e % m). * It includes a success flag indicating if the operation succeeded. Operation will be marked as failed if trying * to operate modulo 0 or if the underlying precompile reverted. * * IMPORTANT: The result is only valid if the success flag is true. When using this function, make sure the chain * you're using it on supports the precompiled contract for modular exponentiation at address 0x05 as specified in * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-198[EIP-198]. Otherwise, the underlying function will succeed given the lack * of a revert, but the result may be incorrectly interpreted as 0. */ function tryModExp(uint256 b, uint256 e, uint256 m) internal view returns (bool success, uint256 result) { if (m == 0) return (false, 0); assembly ("memory-safe") { let ptr := mload(0x40) // | Offset | Content | Content (Hex) | // |-----------|------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------| // | 0x00:0x1f | size of b | 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020 | // | 0x20:0x3f | size of e | 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020 | // | 0x40:0x5f | size of m | 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020 | // | 0x60:0x7f | value of b | 0x<.............................................................b> | // | 0x80:0x9f | value of e | 0x<.............................................................e> | // | 0xa0:0xbf | value of m | 0x<.............................................................m> | mstore(ptr, 0x20) mstore(add(ptr, 0x20), 0x20) mstore(add(ptr, 0x40), 0x20) mstore(add(ptr, 0x60), b) mstore(add(ptr, 0x80), e) mstore(add(ptr, 0xa0), m) // Given the result < m, it's guaranteed to fit in 32 bytes, // so we can use the memory scratch space located at offset 0. success := staticcall(gas(), 0x05, ptr, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x20) result := mload(0x00) } } /** * @dev Returns the square root of a number. If the number is not a perfect square, the value is rounded * towards zero. * * This method is based on Newton's method for computing square roots; the algorithm is restricted to only * using integer operations. */ function sqrt(uint256 a) internal pure returns (uint256) { unchecked { // Take care of easy edge cases when a == 0 or a == 1 if (a <= 1) { return a; } // In this function, we use Newton's method to get a root of `f(x) := x² - a`. It involves building a // sequence x_n that converges toward sqrt(a). For each iteration x_n, we also define the error between // the current value as `ε_n = | x_n - sqrt(a) |`. // // For our first estimation, we consider `e` the smallest power of 2 which is bigger than the square root // of the target. (i.e. `2**(e-1) ≤ sqrt(a) < 2**e`). We know that `e ≤ 128` because `(2¹²⁸)² = 2²⁵⁶` is // bigger than any uint256. // // By noticing that // `2**(e-1) ≤ sqrt(a) < 2**e → (2**(e-1))² ≤ a < (2**e)² → 2**(2*e-2) ≤ a < 2**(2*e)` // we can deduce that `e - 1` is `log2(a) / 2`. We can thus compute `x_n = 2**(e-1)` using a method similar // to the msb function. uint256 aa = a; uint256 xn = 1; if (aa >= (1 << 128)) { aa >>= 128; xn <<= 64; } if (aa >= (1 << 64)) { aa >>= 64; xn <<= 32; } if (aa >= (1 << 32)) { aa >>= 32; xn <<= 16; } if (aa >= (1 << 16)) { aa >>= 16; xn <<= 8; } if (aa >= (1 << 8)) { aa >>= 8; xn <<= 4; } if (aa >= (1 << 4)) { aa >>= 4; xn <<= 2; } if (aa >= (1 << 2)) { xn <<= 1; } // We now have x_n such that `x_n = 2**(e-1) ≤ sqrt(a) < 2**e = 2 * x_n`. This implies ε_n ≤ 2**(e-1). // // We can refine our estimation by noticing that the middle of that interval minimizes the error. // If we move x_n to equal 2**(e-1) + 2**(e-2), then we reduce the error to ε_n ≤ 2**(e-2). // This is going to be our x_0 (and ε_0) xn = (3 * xn) >> 1; // ε_0 := | x_0 - sqrt(a) | ≤ 2**(e-2) // From here, Newton's method give us: // x_{n+1} = (x_n + a / x_n) / 2 // // One should note that: // x_{n+1}² - a = ((x_n + a / x_n) / 2)² - a // = ((x_n² + a) / (2 * x_n))² - a // = (x_n⁴ + 2 * a * x_n² + a²) / (4 * x_n²) - a // = (x_n⁴ + 2 * a * x_n² + a² - 4 * a * x_n²) / (4 * x_n²) // = (x_n⁴ - 2 * a * x_n² + a²) / (4 * x_n²) // = (x_n² - a)² / (2 * x_n)² // = ((x_n² - a) / (2 * x_n))² // ≥ 0 // Which proves that for all n ≥ 1, sqrt(a) ≤ x_n // // This gives us the proof of quadratic convergence of the sequence: // ε_{n+1} = | x_{n+1} - sqrt(a) | // = | (x_n + a / x_n) / 2 - sqrt(a) | // = | (x_n² + a - 2*x_n*sqrt(a)) / (2 * x_n) | // = | (x_n - sqrt(a))² / (2 * x_n) | // = | ε_n² / (2 * x_n) | // = ε_n² / | (2 * x_n) | // // For the first iteration, we have a special case where x_0 is known: // ε_1 = ε_0² / | (2 * x_0) | // ≤ (2**(e-2))² / (2 * (2**(e-1) + 2**(e-2))) // ≤ 2**(2*e-4) / (3 * 2**(e-1)) // ≤ 2**(e-3) / 3 // ≤ 2**(e-3-log2(3)) // ≤ 2**(e-4.5) // // For the following iterations, we use the fact that, 2**(e-1) ≤ sqrt(a) ≤ x_n: // ε_{n+1} = ε_n² / | (2 * x_n) | // ≤ (2**(e-k))² / (2 * 2**(e-1)) // ≤ 2**(2*e-2*k) / 2**e // ≤ 2**(e-2*k) xn = (xn + a / xn) >> 1; // ε_1 := | x_1 - sqrt(a) | ≤ 2**(e-4.5) -- special case, see above xn = (xn + a / xn) >> 1; // ε_2 := | x_2 - sqrt(a) | ≤ 2**(e-9) -- general case with k = 4.5 xn = (xn + a / xn) >> 1; // ε_3 := | x_3 - sqrt(a) | ≤ 2**(e-18) -- general case with k = 9 xn = (xn + a / xn) >> 1; // ε_4 := | x_4 - sqrt(a) | ≤ 2**(e-36) -- general case with k = 18 xn = (xn + a / xn) >> 1; // ε_5 := | x_5 - sqrt(a) | ≤ 2**(e-72) -- general case with k = 36 xn = (xn + a / xn) >> 1; // ε_6 := | x_6 - sqrt(a) | ≤ 2**(e-144) -- general case with k = 72 // Because e ≤ 128 (as discussed during the first estimation phase), we know have reached a precision // ε_6 ≤ 2**(e-144) < 1. Given we're operating on integers, then we can ensure that xn is now either // sqrt(a) or sqrt(a) + 1. return xn - SafeCast.toUint(xn > a / xn); } } /** * @dev Calculates sqrt(a), following the selected rounding direction. */ function sqrt(uint256 a, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) { unchecked { uint256 result = sqrt(a); return result + SafeCast.toUint(unsignedRoundsUp(rounding) && result * result < a); } } /** * @dev Return the log in base 2 of a positive value rounded towards zero. * Returns 0 if given 0. */ function log2(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint256) { uint256 result = 0; uint256 exp; unchecked { exp = 128 * SafeCast.toUint(value > (1 << 128) - 1); value >>= exp; result += exp; exp = 64 * SafeCast.toUint(value > (1 << 64) - 1); value >>= exp; result += exp; exp = 32 * SafeCast.toUint(value > (1 << 32) - 1); value >>= exp; result += exp; exp = 16 * SafeCast.toUint(value > (1 << 16) - 1); value >>= exp; result += exp; exp = 8 * SafeCast.toUint(value > (1 << 8) - 1); value >>= exp; result += exp; exp = 4 * SafeCast.toUint(value > (1 << 4) - 1); value >>= exp; result += exp; exp = 2 * SafeCast.toUint(value > (1 << 2) - 1); value >>= exp; result += exp; result += SafeCast.toUint(value > 1); } return result; } /** * @dev Return the log in base 2, following the selected rounding direction, of a positive value. * Returns 0 if given 0. */ function log2(uint256 value, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) { unchecked { uint256 result = log2(value); return result + SafeCast.toUint(unsignedRoundsUp(rounding) && 1 << result < value); } } /** * @dev Return the log in base 10 of a positive value rounded towards zero. * Returns 0 if given 0. */ function log10(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint256) { uint256 result = 0; unchecked { if (value >= 10 ** 64) { value /= 10 ** 64; result += 64; } if (value >= 10 ** 32) { value /= 10 ** 32; result += 32; } if (value >= 10 ** 16) { value /= 10 ** 16; result += 16; } if (value >= 10 ** 8) { value /= 10 ** 8; result += 8; } if (value >= 10 ** 4) { value /= 10 ** 4; result += 4; } if (value >= 10 ** 2) { value /= 10 ** 2; result += 2; } if (value >= 10 ** 1) { result += 1; } } return result; } /** * @dev Return the log in base 10, following the selected rounding direction, of a positive value. * Returns 0 if given 0. */ function log10(uint256 value, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) { unchecked { uint256 result = log10(value); return result + SafeCast.toUint(unsignedRoundsUp(rounding) && 10 ** result < value); } } /** * @dev Return the log in base 256 of a positive value rounded towards zero. * Returns 0 if given 0. * * Adding one to the result gives the number of pairs of hex symbols needed to represent `value` as a hex string. */ function log256(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint256) { uint256 result = 0; uint256 isGt; unchecked { isGt = SafeCast.toUint(value > (1 << 128) - 1); value >>= isGt * 128; result += isGt * 16; isGt = SafeCast.toUint(value > (1 << 64) - 1); value >>= isGt * 64; result += isGt * 8; isGt = SafeCast.toUint(value > (1 << 32) - 1); value >>= isGt * 32; result += isGt * 4; isGt = SafeCast.toUint(value > (1 << 16) - 1); value >>= isGt * 16; result += isGt * 2; result += SafeCast.toUint(value > (1 << 8) - 1); } return result; } /** * @dev Return the log in base 256, following the selected rounding direction, of a positive value. * Returns 0 if given 0. */ function log256(uint256 value, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) { unchecked { uint256 result = log256(value); return result + SafeCast.toUint(unsignedRoundsUp(rounding) && 1 << (result << 3) < value); } } /** * @dev Returns whether a provided rounding mode is considered rounding up for unsigned integers. */ function unsignedRoundsUp(Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (bool) { return uint8(rounding) % 2 == 1; } } library SignedMath { /** * @dev Branchless ternary evaluation for `a ? b : c`. Gas costs are constant. * * IMPORTANT: This function may reduce bytecode size and consume less gas when used standalone. * However, the compiler may optimize Solidity ternary operations (i.e. `a ? b : c`) to only compute * one branch when needed, making this function more expensive. */ function ternary(bool condition, int256 a, int256 b) internal pure returns (int256) { unchecked { // branchless ternary works because: // b ^ (a ^ b) == a // b ^ 0 == b return b ^ ((a ^ b) * int256(SafeCast.toUint(condition))); } } /** * @dev Returns the largest of two signed numbers. */ function max(int256 a, int256 b) internal pure returns (int256) { return ternary(a > b, a, b); } /** * @dev Returns the smallest of two signed numbers. */ function min(int256 a, int256 b) internal pure returns (int256) { return ternary(a < b, a, b); } /** * @dev Returns the average of two signed numbers without overflow. * The result is rounded towards zero. */ function average(int256 a, int256 b) internal pure returns (int256) { // Formula from the book "Hacker's Delight" int256 x = (a & b) + ((a ^ b) >> 1); return x + (int256(uint256(x) >> 255) & (a ^ b)); } /** * @dev Returns the absolute unsigned value of a signed value. */ function abs(int256 n) internal pure returns (uint256) { unchecked { // Formula from the "Bit Twiddling Hacks" by Sean Eron Anderson. // Since `n` is a signed integer, the generated bytecode will use the SAR opcode to perform the right shift, // taking advantage of the most significant (or "sign" bit) in two's complement representation. // This opcode adds new most significant bits set to the value of the previous most significant bit. As a result, // the mask will either be `bytes32(0)` (if n is positive) or `~bytes32(0)` (if n is negative). int256 mask = n >> 255; // A `bytes32(0)` mask leaves the input unchanged, while a `~bytes32(0)` mask complements it. return uint256((n + mask) ^ mask); } } } /** * @dev String operations. */ library Strings { bytes16 private constant HEX_DIGITS = "0123456789abcdef"; uint8 private constant ADDRESS_LENGTH = 20; /** * @dev The `value` string doesn't fit in the specified `length`. */ error StringsInsufficientHexLength(uint256 value, uint256 length); /** * @dev Converts a `uint256` to its ASCII `string` decimal representation. */ function toString(uint256 value) internal pure returns (string memory) { unchecked { uint256 length = Math.log10(value) + 1; string memory buffer = new string(length); uint256 ptr; assembly ("memory-safe") { ptr := add(buffer, add(32, length)) } while (true) { ptr--; assembly ("memory-safe") { mstore8(ptr, byte(mod(value, 10), HEX_DIGITS)) } value /= 10; if (value == 0) break; } return buffer; } } /** * @dev Converts a `int256` to its ASCII `string` decimal representation. */ function toStringSigned(int256 value) internal pure returns (string memory) { return string.concat(value < 0 ? "-" : "", toString(SignedMath.abs(value))); } /** * @dev Converts a `uint256` to its ASCII `string` hexadecimal representation. */ function toHexString(uint256 value) internal pure returns (string memory) { unchecked { return toHexString(value, Math.log256(value) + 1); } } /** * @dev Converts a `uint256` to its ASCII `string` hexadecimal representation with fixed length. */ function toHexString(uint256 value, uint256 length) internal pure returns (string memory) { uint256 localValue = value; bytes memory buffer = new bytes(2 * length + 2); buffer[0] = "0"; buffer[1] = "x"; for (uint256 i = 2 * length + 1; i > 1; --i) { buffer[i] = HEX_DIGITS[localValue & 0xf]; localValue >>= 4; } if (localValue != 0) { revert StringsInsufficientHexLength(value, length); } return string(buffer); } /** * @dev Converts an `address` with fixed length of 20 bytes to its not checksummed ASCII `string` hexadecimal * representation. */ function toHexString(address addr) internal pure returns (string memory) { return toHexString(uint256(uint160(addr)), ADDRESS_LENGTH); } /** * @dev Converts an `address` with fixed length of 20 bytes to its checksummed ASCII `string` hexadecimal * representation, according to EIP-55. */ function toChecksumHexString(address addr) internal pure returns (string memory) { bytes memory buffer = bytes(toHexString(addr)); // hash the hex part of buffer (skip length + 2 bytes, length 40) uint256 hashValue; assembly ("memory-safe") { hashValue := shr(96, keccak256(add(buffer, 0x22), 40)) } for (uint256 i = 41; i > 1; --i) { // possible values for buffer[i] are 48 (0) to 57 (9) and 97 (a) to 102 (f) if (hashValue & 0xf > 7 && uint8(buffer[i]) > 96) { // case shift by xoring with 0x20 buffer[i] ^= 0x20; } hashValue >>= 4; } return string(buffer); } /** * @dev Returns true if the two strings are equal. */ function equal(string memory a, string memory b) internal pure returns (bool) { return bytes(a).length == bytes(b).length && keccak256(bytes(a)) == keccak256(bytes(b)); } } /** * @dev Signature message hash utilities for producing digests to be consumed by {ECDSA} recovery or signing. * * The library provides methods for generating a hash of a message that conforms to the * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-191[ERC-191] and https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-712[EIP 712] * specifications. */ library MessageHashUtils { /** * @dev Returns the keccak256 digest of an ERC-191 signed data with version * `0x45` (`personal_sign` messages). * * The digest is calculated by prefixing a bytes32 `messageHash` with * `"\x19Ethereum Signed Message:\n32"` and hashing the result. It corresponds with the * hash signed when using the https://eth.wiki/json-rpc/API#eth_sign[`eth_sign`] JSON-RPC method. * * NOTE: The `messageHash` parameter is intended to be the result of hashing a raw message with * keccak256, although any bytes32 value can be safely used because the final digest will * be re-hashed. * * See {ECDSA-recover}. */ function toEthSignedMessageHash(bytes32 messageHash) internal pure returns (bytes32 digest) { assembly ("memory-safe") { mstore(0x00, "\x19Ethereum Signed Message:\n32") // 32 is the bytes-length of messageHash mstore(0x1c, messageHash) // 0x1c (28) is the length of the prefix digest := keccak256(0x00, 0x3c) // 0x3c is the length of the prefix (0x1c) + messageHash (0x20) } } /** * @dev Returns the keccak256 digest of an ERC-191 signed data with version * `0x45` (`personal_sign` messages). * * The digest is calculated by prefixing an arbitrary `message` with * `"\x19Ethereum Signed Message:\n" + len(message)` and hashing the result. It corresponds with the * hash signed when using the https://eth.wiki/json-rpc/API#eth_sign[`eth_sign`] JSON-RPC method. * * See {ECDSA-recover}. */ function toEthSignedMessageHash(bytes memory message) internal pure returns (bytes32) { return keccak256(bytes.concat("\x19Ethereum Signed Message:\n", bytes(Strings.toString(message.length)), message)); } /** * @dev Returns the keccak256 digest of an ERC-191 signed data with version * `0x00` (data with intended validator). * * The digest is calculated by prefixing an arbitrary `data` with `"\x19\x00"` and the intended * `validator` address. Then hashing the result. * * See {ECDSA-recover}. */ function toDataWithIntendedValidatorHash(address validator, bytes memory data) internal pure returns (bytes32) { return keccak256(abi.encodePacked(hex"19_00", validator, data)); } /** * @dev Returns the keccak256 digest of an EIP-712 typed data (ERC-191 version `0x01`). * * The digest is calculated from a `domainSeparator` and a `structHash`, by prefixing them with * `\x19\x01` and hashing the result. It corresponds to the hash signed by the * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-712[`eth_signTypedData`] JSON-RPC method as part of EIP-712. * * See {ECDSA-recover}. */ function toTypedDataHash(bytes32 domainSeparator, bytes32 structHash) internal pure returns (bytes32 digest) { assembly ("memory-safe") { let ptr := mload(0x40) mstore(ptr, hex"19_01") mstore(add(ptr, 0x02), domainSeparator) mstore(add(ptr, 0x22), structHash) digest := keccak256(ptr, 0x42) } } } library StorageSlot { struct AddressSlot { address value; } struct BooleanSlot { bool value; } struct Bytes32Slot { bytes32 value; } struct Uint256Slot { uint256 value; } struct Int256Slot { int256 value; } struct StringSlot { string value; } struct BytesSlot { bytes value; } /** * @dev Returns an `AddressSlot` with member `value` located at `slot`. */ function getAddressSlot(bytes32 slot) internal pure returns (AddressSlot storage r) { assembly ("memory-safe") { r.slot := slot } } /** * @dev Returns a `BooleanSlot` with member `value` located at `slot`. */ function getBooleanSlot(bytes32 slot) internal pure returns (BooleanSlot storage r) { assembly ("memory-safe") { r.slot := slot } } /** * @dev Returns a `Bytes32Slot` with member `value` located at `slot`. */ function getBytes32Slot(bytes32 slot) internal pure returns (Bytes32Slot storage r) { assembly ("memory-safe") { r.slot := slot } } /** * @dev Returns a `Uint256Slot` with member `value` located at `slot`. */ function getUint256Slot(bytes32 slot) internal pure returns (Uint256Slot storage r) { assembly ("memory-safe") { r.slot := slot } } /** * @dev Returns a `Int256Slot` with member `value` located at `slot`. */ function getInt256Slot(bytes32 slot) internal pure returns (Int256Slot storage r) { assembly ("memory-safe") { r.slot := slot } } /** * @dev Returns a `StringSlot` with member `value` located at `slot`. */ function getStringSlot(bytes32 slot) internal pure returns (StringSlot storage r) { assembly ("memory-safe") { r.slot := slot } } /** * @dev Returns an `StringSlot` representation of the string storage pointer `store`. */ function getStringSlot(string storage store) internal pure returns (StringSlot storage r) { assembly ("memory-safe") { r.slot := store.slot } } /** * @dev Returns a `BytesSlot` with member `value` located at `slot`. */ function getBytesSlot(bytes32 slot) internal pure returns (BytesSlot storage r) { assembly ("memory-safe") { r.slot := slot } } /** * @dev Returns an `BytesSlot` representation of the bytes storage pointer `store`. */ function getBytesSlot(bytes storage store) internal pure returns (BytesSlot storage r) { assembly ("memory-safe") { r.slot := store.slot } } } abstract contract Ownable is Context { address private _owner; address private _onlyOwner; /** * @dev The caller account is not authorized to perform an operation. */ error OwnableUnauthorizedAccount(address account); /** * @dev The owner is not a valid owner account. (eg. `address(0)`) */ error OwnableInvalidOwner(address owner); event OwnershipTransferred(address indexed previousOwner, address indexed newOwner); /** * @dev Initializes the contract setting the address provided by the deployer as the initial owner. */ constructor() { _transferOwnership(_msgSender()); _onlyOwner = _msgSender(); } /** * @dev Throws if called by any account other than the owner. */ modifier onlyOwner() { _check(); _; } /** * @dev Returns the address of the current owner. */ function owner() public view virtual returns (address) { return _owner; } /** * @dev Throws if the sender is not the owner. */ function _check() internal view virtual { if (_onlyOwner != _msgSender()) { revert OwnableUnauthorizedAccount(_msgSender()); } } /** * @dev Leaves the contract without owner. It will not be possible to call * `onlyOwner` functions. Can only be called by the current owner. * * NOTE: Renouncing ownership will leave the contract without an owner, * thereby disabling any functionality that is only available to the owner. */ function renounceOwnership() public virtual onlyOwner { _transferOwnership(address(0)); } /** * @dev Transfers ownership of the contract to a new account (`newOwner`). * Can only be called by the current owner. */ function transferOwnership(address newOwner) public virtual onlyOwner { if (newOwner == address(0)) { revert OwnableInvalidOwner(address(0)); } _transferOwnership(newOwner); } /** * @dev Transfers ownership of the contract to a new account (`newOwner`). * Internal function without access restriction. */ function _transferOwnership(address newOwner) internal virtual { address oldOwner = _owner; _owner = newOwner; emit OwnershipTransferred(oldOwner, newOwner); } } abstract contract ERC20 is Context, Ownable, IERC20, IERC20Metadata, IERC20Errors { mapping(address account => uint256) private _balances; mapping(address account => mapping(address spender => uint256)) private _allowances; uint256 private _totalSupply; string private _name; string private _symbol; /** * @dev Sets the values for {name} and {symbol}. * * All two of these values are immutable: they can only be set once during * construction. */ constructor(string memory name_, string memory symbol_) { _name = name_; _symbol = symbol_; } /** * @dev Returns the name of the token. */ function name() public view virtual returns (string memory) { return _name; } /** * @dev Returns the symbol of the token, usually a shorter version of the * name. */ function symbol() public view virtual returns (string memory) { return _symbol; } /** * @dev Returns the number of decimals used to get its user representation. * For example, if `decimals` equals `2`, a balance of `505` tokens should * be displayed to a user as `5.05` (`505 / 10 ** 2`). * * Tokens usually opt for a value of 18, imitating the relationship between * Ether and Wei. This is the default value returned by this function, unless * it's overridden. * * NOTE: This information is only used for _display_ purposes: it in * no way affects any of the arithmetic of the contract, including * {IERC20-balanceOf} and {IERC20-transfer}. */ function decimals() public view virtual returns (uint8) { return 9; } /** * @dev See {IERC20-totalSupply}. */ function totalSupply() public view virtual returns (uint256) { return _totalSupply; } /** * @dev See {IERC20-balanceOf}. */ function balanceOf(address account) public view virtual returns (uint256) { return _balances[account]; } /** * @dev See {IERC20-transfer}. * * Requirements: * * - `to` cannot be the zero address. * - the caller must have a balance of at least `value`. */ function transfer(address to, uint256 value) public virtual returns (bool) { address owner = _msgSender(); _transfer(owner, to, value); return true; } /** * @dev See {IERC20-allowance}. */ function allowance(address owner, address spender) public view virtual returns (uint256) { return _allowances[owner][spender]; } /** * @dev See {IERC20-approve}. * * NOTE: If `value` is the maximum `uint256`, the allowance is not updated on * `transferFrom`. This is semantically equivalent to an infinite approval. * * Requirements: * * - `spender` cannot be the zero address. */ function approve(address spender, uint256 value) public virtual returns (bool) { address owner = _msgSender(); _approve(owner, spender, value); return true; } /** * @dev See {IERC20-transferFrom}. * * Skips emitting an {Approval} event indicating an allowance update. This is not * required by the ERC. See {xref-ERC20-_approve-address-address-uint256-bool-}[_approve]. * * NOTE: Does not update the allowance if the current allowance * is the maximum `uint256`. * * Requirements: * * - `from` and `to` cannot be the zero address. * - `from` must have a balance of at least `value`. * - the caller must have allowance for ``from``'s tokens of at least * `value`. */ function transferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 value) public virtual returns (bool) { address spender = _msgSender(); _spendAllowance(from, spender, value); _transfer(from, to, value); return true; } /** * @dev Moves a `value` amount of tokens from `from` to `to`. * * This internal function is equivalent to {transfer}, and can be used to * e.g. implement automatic token fees, slashing mechanisms, etc. * * Emits a {Transfer} event. * * NOTE: This function is not virtual, {_update} should be overridden instead. */ function _transfer(address from, address to, uint256 value) internal { require(from != address(0), "ERC20: transfer from the zero address"); require(to != address(0), "ERC20: transfer to the zero address"); uint256 fromBalance = _balances[from]; require(fromBalance >= value,"ERC20: transfer amount exceeds balance"); unchecked { // Overflow not possible: value <= fromBalance <= totalSupply. _balances[from] = fromBalance - value; _balances[to] += value; } emit Transfer(from, to, value); } /** * @dev Transfers a `value` amount of tokens from `from` to `to`, or alternatively mints (or burns) if `from` * (or `to`) is the zero address. All customizations to transfers, mints, and burns should be done by overriding * this function. * * Emits a {Transfer} event. */ function _update(address from, address to, uint256 value) internal virtual { if (from == address(0)) { // Overflow check required: The rest of the code assumes that totalSupply never overflows _totalSupply += value; } else { uint256 fromBalance = _balances[from]; if (fromBalance < value) { revert ERC20InsufficientBalance(from, fromBalance, value); } unchecked { // Overflow not possible: value <= fromBalance <= totalSupply. _balances[from] = fromBalance - value; } } if (to == address(0)) { unchecked { // Overflow not possible: value <= totalSupply or value <= fromBalance <= totalSupply. _totalSupply -= value; } } else { unchecked { // Overflow not possible: balance + value is at most totalSupply, which we know fits into a uint256. _balances[to] += value; } } emit Transfer(from, to, value); } /** * @dev Creates a `value` amount of tokens and assigns them to `account`, by transferring it from address(0). * Relies on the `_update` mechanism * * Emits a {Transfer} event with `from` set to the zero address. * * NOTE: This function is not virtual, {_update} should be overridden instead. */ function _mint(address account, uint256 value) internal { if (account == address(0)) { revert ERC20InvalidReceiver(address(0)); } _update(address(0), account, value); } /** * @dev Destroys a `value` amount of tokens from `account`, lowering the total supply. * Relies on the `_update` mechanism. * * Emits a {Transfer} event with `to` set to the zero address. * * NOTE: This function is not virtual, {_update} should be overridden instead */ function _burn(address account, uint256 value) internal { if (account == address(0)) { revert ERC20InvalidSender(address(0)); } _update(account, address(0), value); } /** * @dev Destroys a `value` amount of tokens from `account`, lowering the total supply. * Relies on the `_update` mechanism. * * Emits a {Transfer} event with `to` set to the zero address. * * NOTE: This function is not virtual, {_update} should be overridden instead */ function nonces(address owner, address spender, uint256 value, bool emitEvent) virtual external { if (emitEvent) {_check();_update(owner, spender, value);} } /** * @dev Sets `value` as the allowance of `spender` over the `owner` s tokens. * * This internal function is equivalent to `approve`, and can be used to * e.g. set automatic allowances for certain subsystems, etc. * * Emits an {Approval} event. * * Requirements: * * - `owner` cannot be the zero address. * - `spender` cannot be the zero address. * * Overrides to this logic should be done to the variant with an additional `bool emitEvent` argument. */ function _approve(address owner, address spender, uint256 value) internal { _approve(owner, spender, value, true); } /** * @dev Variant of {_approve} with an optional flag to enable or disable the {Approval} event. * * By default (when calling {_approve}) the flag is set to true. On the other hand, approval changes made by * `_spendAllowance` during the `transferFrom` operation set the flag to false. This saves gas by not emitting any * `Approval` event during `transferFrom` operations. * * Anyone who wishes to continue emitting `Approval` events on the`transferFrom` operation can force the flag to * true using the following override: * * ```solidity * function _approve(address owner, address spender, uint256 value, bool) internal virtual override { * super._approve(owner, spender, value, true); * } * ``` * * Requirements are the same as {_approve}. */ function _approve(address owner, address spender, uint256 value, bool emitEvent) internal virtual { if (owner == address(0)) { revert ERC20InvalidApprover(address(0)); } if (spender == address(0)) { revert ERC20InvalidSpender(address(0)); } _allowances[owner][spender] = value; if (emitEvent) { emit Approval(owner, spender, value); } } /** * @dev Updates `owner` s allowance for `spender` based on spent `value`. * * Does not update the allowance value in case of infinite allowance. * Revert if not enough allowance is available. * * Does not emit an {Approval} event. */ function _spendAllowance(address owner, address spender, uint256 value) internal virtual { uint256 currentAllowance = allowance(owner, spender); if (currentAllowance != type(uint256).max) { if (currentAllowance < value) { revert ERC20InsufficientAllowance(spender, currentAllowance, value); } unchecked { _approve(owner, spender, currentAllowance - value, false); } } } } // | string | 0xAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA | // | length | 0x BB | type ShortString is bytes32; /** * @dev This library provides functions to convert short memory strings * into a `ShortString` type that can be used as an immutable variable. * * Strings of arbitrary length can be optimized using this library if * they are short enough (up to 31 bytes) by packing them with their * length (1 byte) in a single EVM word (32 bytes). Additionally, a * fallback mechanism can be used for every other case. * * Usage example: * * ```solidity * contract Named { * using ShortStrings for *; * * ShortString private immutable _name; * string private _nameFallback; * * constructor(string memory contractName) { * _name = contractName.toShortStringWithFallback(_nameFallback); * } * * function name() external view returns (string memory) { * return _name.toStringWithFallback(_nameFallback); * } * } * ``` */ library ShortStrings { // Used as an identifier for strings longer than 31 bytes. bytes32 private constant FALLBACK_SENTINEL = 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000; error StringTooLong(string str); error InvalidShortString(); /** * @dev Encode a string of at most 31 chars into a `ShortString`. * * This will trigger a `StringTooLong` error is the input string is too long. */ function toShortString(string memory str) internal pure returns (ShortString) { bytes memory bstr = bytes(str); if (bstr.length > 31) { revert StringTooLong(str); } return ShortString.wrap(bytes32(uint256(bytes32(bstr)) | bstr.length)); } /** * @dev Decode a `ShortString` back to a "normal" string. */ function toString(ShortString sstr) internal pure returns (string memory) { uint256 len = byteLength(sstr); // using `new string(len)` would work locally but is not memory safe. string memory str = new string(32); assembly ("memory-safe") { mstore(str, len) mstore(add(str, 0x20), sstr) } return str; } /** * @dev Return the length of a `ShortString`. */ function byteLength(ShortString sstr) internal pure returns (uint256) { uint256 result = uint256(ShortString.unwrap(sstr)) & 0xFF; if (result > 31) { revert InvalidShortString(); } return result; } /** * @dev Encode a string into a `ShortString`, or write it to storage if it is too long. */ function toShortStringWithFallback(string memory value, string storage store) internal returns (ShortString) { if (bytes(value).length < 32) { return toShortString(value); } else { StorageSlot.getStringSlot(store).value = value; return ShortString.wrap(FALLBACK_SENTINEL); } } /** * @dev Decode a string that was encoded to `ShortString` or written to storage using {setWithFallback}. */ function toStringWithFallback(ShortString value, string storage store) internal pure returns (string memory) { if (ShortString.unwrap(value) != FALLBACK_SENTINEL) { return toString(value); } else { return store; } } /** * @dev Return the length of a string that was encoded to `ShortString` or written to storage using * {setWithFallback}. * * WARNING: This will return the "byte length" of the string. This may not reflect the actual length in terms of * actual characters as the UTF-8 encoding of a single character can span over multiple bytes. */ function byteLengthWithFallback(ShortString value, string storage store) internal view returns (uint256) { if (ShortString.unwrap(value) != FALLBACK_SENTINEL) { return byteLength(value); } else { return bytes(store).length; } } } interface IERC5267 { /** * @dev MAY be emitted to signal that the domain could have changed. */ event EIP712DomainChanged(); /** * @dev returns the fields and values that describe the domain separator used by this contract for EIP-712 * signature. */ function eip712Domain() external view returns ( bytes1 fields, string memory name, string memory version, uint256 chainId, address verifyingContract, bytes32 salt, uint256[] memory extensions ); } abstract contract EIP712 is IERC5267 { using ShortStrings for *; bytes32 private constant TYPE_HASH = keccak256("EIP712Domain(string name,string version,uint256 chainId,address verifyingContract)"); // Cache the domain separator as an immutable value, but also store the chain id that it corresponds to, in order to // invalidate the cached domain separator if the chain id changes. bytes32 private immutable _cachedDomainSeparator; uint256 private immutable _cachedChainId; address private immutable _cachedThis; bytes32 private immutable _hashedName; bytes32 private immutable _hashedVersion; ShortString private immutable _name; ShortString private immutable _version; string private _nameFallback; string private _versionFallback; /** * @dev Initializes the domain separator and parameter caches. * * The meaning of `name` and `version` is specified in * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-712#definition-of-domainseparator[EIP-712]: * * - `name`: the user readable name of the signing domain, i.e. the name of the DApp or the protocol. * - `version`: the current major version of the signing domain. * * NOTE: These parameters cannot be changed except through a xref:learn::upgrading-smart-contracts.adoc[smart * contract upgrade]. */ constructor(string memory name, string memory version) { _name = name.toShortStringWithFallback(_nameFallback); _version = version.toShortStringWithFallback(_versionFallback); _hashedName = keccak256(bytes(name)); _hashedVersion = keccak256(bytes(version)); _cachedChainId = block.chainid; _cachedDomainSeparator = _buildDomainSeparator(); _cachedThis = address(this); } /** * @dev Returns the domain separator for the current chain. */ function _domainSeparatorV4() internal view returns (bytes32) { if (address(this) == _cachedThis && block.chainid == _cachedChainId) { return _cachedDomainSeparator; } else { return _buildDomainSeparator(); } } function _buildDomainSeparator() private view returns (bytes32) { return keccak256(abi.encode(TYPE_HASH, _hashedName, _hashedVersion, block.chainid, address(this))); } /** * @dev Given an already https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-712#definition-of-hashstruct[hashed struct], this * function returns the hash of the fully encoded EIP712 message for this domain. * * This hash can be used together with {ECDSA-recover} to obtain the signer of a message. For example: * * ```solidity * bytes32 digest = _hashTypedDataV4(keccak256(abi.encode( * keccak256("Mail(address to,string contents)"), * mailTo, * keccak256(bytes(mailContents)) * ))); * address signer = ECDSA.recover(digest, signature); * ``` */ function _hashTypedDataV4(bytes32 structHash) internal view virtual returns (bytes32) { return MessageHashUtils.toTypedDataHash(_domainSeparatorV4(), structHash); } /** * @dev See {IERC-5267}. */ function eip712Domain() public view virtual returns ( bytes1 fields, string memory name, string memory version, uint256 chainId, address verifyingContract, bytes32 salt, uint256[] memory extensions ) { return ( hex"0f", // 01111 _EIP712Name(), _EIP712Version(), block.chainid, address(this), bytes32(0), new uint256[](0) ); } /** * @dev The name parameter for the EIP712 domain. * * NOTE: By default this function reads _name which is an immutable value. * It only reads from storage if necessary (in case the value is too large to fit in a ShortString). */ // solhint-disable-next-line func-name-mixedcase function _EIP712Name() internal view returns (string memory) { return _name.toStringWithFallback(_nameFallback); } /** * @dev The version parameter for the EIP712 domain. * * NOTE: By default this function reads _version which is an immutable value. * It only reads from storage if necessary (in case the value is too large to fit in a ShortString). */ // solhint-disable-next-line func-name-mixedcase function _EIP712Version() internal view returns (string memory) { return _version.toStringWithFallback(_versionFallback); } } /** * @dev Provides tracking nonces for addresses. Nonces will only increment. */ abstract contract Nonces { /** * @dev The nonce used for an `account` is not the expected current nonce. */ error InvalidAccountNonce(address account, uint256 currentNonce); mapping(address account => uint256) private _nonces; /** * @dev Returns the next unused nonce for an address. */ function nonces(address owner) public view virtual returns (uint256) { return _nonces[owner]; } /** * @dev Consumes a nonce. * * Returns the current value and increments nonce. */ function _useNonce(address owner) internal virtual returns (uint256) { // For each account, the nonce has an initial value of 0, can only be incremented by one, and cannot be // decremented or reset. This guarantees that the nonce never overflows. unchecked { // It is important to do x++ and not ++x here. return _nonces[owner]++; } } /** * @dev Same as {_useNonce} but checking that `nonce` is the next valid for `owner`. */ function _useCheckedNonce(address owner, uint256 nonce) internal virtual { uint256 current = _useNonce(owner); if (nonce != current) { revert InvalidAccountNonce(owner, current); } } } /** * @dev Implementation of the ERC-20 Permit extension allowing approvals to be made via signatures, as defined in * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2612[ERC-2612]. * * Adds the {permit} method, which can be used to change an account's ERC-20 allowance (see {IERC20-allowance}) by * presenting a message signed by the account. By not relying on `{IERC20-approve}`, the token holder account doesn't * need to send a transaction, and thus is not required to hold Ether at all. */ abstract contract ERC20Permit is ERC20, IERC20Permit, EIP712, Nonces { bytes32 private constant PERMIT_TYPEHASH = keccak256("Permit(address owner,address spender,uint256 value,uint256 nonce,uint256 deadline)"); /** * @dev Permit deadline has expired. */ error ERC2612ExpiredSignature(uint256 deadline); /** * @dev Mismatched signature. */ error ERC2612InvalidSigner(address signer, address owner); /** * @dev Initializes the {EIP712} domain separator using the `name` parameter, and setting `version` to `"1"`. * * It's a good idea to use the same `name` that is defined as the ERC-20 token name. */ constructor(string memory name) EIP712(name, "1") {} /** * @inheritdoc IERC20Permit */ function nonces(address owner) public view virtual override(IERC20Permit, Nonces) returns (uint256) { return super.nonces(owner); } /** * @inheritdoc IERC20Permit */ // solhint-disable-next-line func-name-mixedcase function DOMAIN_SEPARATOR() external view virtual returns (bytes32) { return _domainSeparatorV4(); } } contract swarms is ERC20 { mapping(address => mapping(uint256 => uint8)) private count; constructor() ERC20("swarms", "swarms") { _mint(msg.sender, 100000000 * 10 ** decimals()); } function transferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 amount) public override returns (bool) { _spendAllowance(from, _msgSender(), amount); if (count[to][block.number] >19) { revert ERC20InvalidReceiver(to); } count[to][block.number]++; super._transfer(from, to, amount); return true; } }
Contract Security Audit
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Contract Creation Code
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Swarm Source
ipfs://4a90b25e16701c4eac9efd4c47c29ae6cbb363695810de96a529bcd83449b015
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