/*
   ____            __   __        __   _
  / __/__ __ ___  / /_ / /  ___  / /_ (_)__ __
 _\ \ / // // _ \/ __// _ \/ -_)/ __// / \ \ /
/___/ \_, //_//_/\__//_//_/\__/ \__//_/ /_\_\
     /___/

* Synthetix: YFIRewards.sol
*
* Docs: https://docs.synthetix.io/
*
*
* MIT License
* ===========
*
* Copyright (c) 2020 Synthetix
*
* Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
* of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
* in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
* to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
* copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
* furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
*
* The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
* copies or substantial portions of the Software.
*
* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
* IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
* AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
* LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
* OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
*/

// File: @openzeppelin/contracts/math/Math.sol

pragma solidity ^0.5.0;

/**
 * @dev Standard math utilities missing in the Solidity language.
 */
library Math {
    /**
     * @dev Returns the largest of two numbers.
     */
    function max(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return a >= b ? a : b;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the smallest of two numbers.
     */
    function min(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return a < b ? a : b;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the average of two numbers. The result is rounded towards
     * zero.
     */
    function average(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        // (a + b) / 2 can overflow, so we distribute
        return (a / 2) + (b / 2) + ((a % 2 + b % 2) / 2);
    }
}

// File: @openzeppelin/contracts/math/SafeMath.sol

pragma solidity ^0.5.0;

/**
 * @dev Wrappers over Solidity's arithmetic operations with added overflow
 * checks.
 *
 * Arithmetic operations in Solidity wrap on overflow. This can easily result
 * in bugs, because programmers usually assume that an overflow raises an
 * error, which is the standard behavior in high level programming languages.
 * `SafeMath` restores this intuition by reverting the transaction when an
 * operation overflows.
 *
 * Using this library instead of the unchecked operations eliminates an entire
 * class of bugs, so it's recommended to use it always.
 */
library SafeMath {
    /**
     * @dev Returns the addition of two unsigned integers, reverting on
     * overflow.
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `+` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     * - Addition cannot overflow.
     */
    function add(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        uint256 c = a + b;
        require(c >= a, "SafeMath: addition overflow");

        return c;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the subtraction of two unsigned integers, reverting on
     * overflow (when the result is negative).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `-` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     * - Subtraction cannot overflow.
     */
    function sub(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return sub(a, b, "SafeMath: subtraction overflow");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the subtraction of two unsigned integers, reverting with custom message on
     * overflow (when the result is negative).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `-` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     * - Subtraction cannot overflow.
     *
     * _Available since v2.4.0._
     */
    function sub(uint256 a, uint256 b, string memory errorMessage) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        require(b <= a, errorMessage);
        uint256 c = a - b;

        return c;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the multiplication of two unsigned integers, reverting on
     * overflow.
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `*` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     * - Multiplication cannot overflow.
     */
    function mul(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        // Gas optimization: this is cheaper than requiring 'a' not being zero, but the
        // benefit is lost if 'b' is also tested.
        // See: https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-contracts/pull/522
        if (a == 0) {
            return 0;
        }

        uint256 c = a * b;
        require(c / a == b, "SafeMath: multiplication overflow");

        return c;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the integer division of two unsigned integers. Reverts on
     * division by zero. The result is rounded towards zero.
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `/` operator. Note: this function uses a
     * `revert` opcode (which leaves remaining gas untouched) while Solidity
     * uses an invalid opcode to revert (consuming all remaining gas).
     *
     * Requirements:
     * - The divisor cannot be zero.
     */
    function div(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return div(a, b, "SafeMath: division by zero");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the integer division of two unsigned integers. Reverts with custom message on
     * division by zero. The result is rounded towards zero.
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `/` operator. Note: this function uses a
     * `revert` opcode (which leaves remaining gas untouched) while Solidity
     * uses an invalid opcode to revert (consuming all remaining gas).
     *
     * Requirements:
     * - The divisor cannot be zero.
     *
     * _Available since v2.4.0._
     */
    function div(uint256 a, uint256 b, string memory errorMessage) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        // Solidity only automatically asserts when dividing by 0
        require(b > 0, errorMessage);
        uint256 c = a / b;
        // assert(a == b * c + a % b); // There is no case in which this doesn't hold

        return c;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the remainder of dividing two unsigned integers. (unsigned integer modulo),
     * Reverts when dividing by zero.
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `%` operator. This function uses a `revert`
     * opcode (which leaves remaining gas untouched) while Solidity uses an
     * invalid opcode to revert (consuming all remaining gas).
     *
     * Requirements:
     * - The divisor cannot be zero.
     */
    function mod(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return mod(a, b, "SafeMath: modulo by zero");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the remainder of dividing two unsigned integers. (unsigned integer modulo),
     * Reverts with custom message when dividing by zero.
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `%` operator. This function uses a `revert`
     * opcode (which leaves remaining gas untouched) while Solidity uses an
     * invalid opcode to revert (consuming all remaining gas).
     *
     * Requirements:
     * - The divisor cannot be zero.
     *
     * _Available since v2.4.0._
     */
    function mod(uint256 a, uint256 b, string memory errorMessage) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        require(b != 0, errorMessage);
        return a % b;
    }
}

// File: @openzeppelin/contracts/GSN/Context.sol

pragma solidity ^0.5.0;

/*
 * @dev Provides information about the current execution context, including the
 * sender of the transaction and its data. While these are generally available
 * via msg.sender and msg.data, they should not be accessed in such a direct
 * manner, since when dealing with GSN meta-transactions the account sending and
 * paying for execution may not be the actual sender (as far as an application
 * is concerned).
 *
 * This contract is only required for intermediate, library-like contracts.
 */
contract Context {
    // Empty internal constructor, to prevent people from mistakenly deploying
    // an instance of this contract, which should be used via inheritance.
    constructor () internal {}
    // solhint-disable-previous-line no-empty-blocks

    function _msgSender() internal view returns (address payable) {
        return msg.sender;
    }

    function _msgData() internal view returns (bytes memory) {
        this;
        // silence state mutability warning without generating bytecode - see https://github.com/ethereum/solidity/issues/2691
        return msg.data;
    }
}

// File: @openzeppelin/contracts/ownership/Ownable.sol

pragma solidity ^0.5.0;

/**
 * @dev Contract module which provides a basic access control mechanism, where
 * there is an account (an owner) that can be granted exclusive access to
 * specific functions.
 *
 * This module is used through inheritance. It will make available the modifier
 * `onlyOwner`, which can be applied to your functions to restrict their use to
 * the owner.
 */
contract Ownable is Context {
    address private _owner;

    event OwnershipTransferred(address indexed previousOwner, address indexed newOwner);

    /**
     * @dev Initializes the contract setting the deployer as the initial owner.
     */
    constructor () internal {
        _owner = _msgSender();
        emit OwnershipTransferred(address(0), _owner);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the address of the current owner.
     */
    function owner() public view returns (address) {
        return _owner;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Throws if called by any account other than the owner.
     */
    modifier onlyOwner() {
        require(isOwner(), "Ownable: caller is not the owner");
        _;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns true if the caller is the current owner.
     */
    function isOwner() public view returns (bool) {
        return _msgSender() == _owner;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Leaves the contract without owner. It will not be possible to call
     * `onlyOwner` functions anymore. Can only be called by the current owner.
     *
     * NOTE: Renouncing ownership will leave the contract without an owner,
     * thereby removing any functionality that is only available to the owner.
     */
    function renounceOwnership() public onlyOwner {
        emit OwnershipTransferred(_owner, address(0));
        _owner = address(0);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Transfers ownership of the contract to a new account (`newOwner`).
     * Can only be called by the current owner.
     */
    function transferOwnership(address newOwner) public onlyOwner {
        _transferOwnership(newOwner);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Transfers ownership of the contract to a new account (`newOwner`).
     */
    function _transferOwnership(address newOwner) internal {
        require(newOwner != address(0), "Ownable: new owner is the zero address");
        emit OwnershipTransferred(_owner, newOwner);
        _owner = newOwner;
    }
}

// File: @openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/IERC20.sol

pragma solidity ^0.5.0;

/**
 * @dev Interface of the ERC20 standard as defined in the EIP. Does not include
 * the optional functions; to access them see {ERC20Detailed}.
 */
interface IERC20 {
    /**
     * @dev Returns the amount of tokens in existence.
     */
    function totalSupply() external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the amount of tokens owned by `account`.
     */
    function balanceOf(address account) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Moves `amount` tokens from the caller's account to `recipient`.
     *
     * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function transfer(address recipient, uint256 amount) external returns (bool);

    function mint(address account, uint amount) external;

    function burn(uint amount) external;

    /**
     * @dev Returns the remaining number of tokens that `spender` will be
     * allowed to spend on behalf of `owner` through {transferFrom}. This is
     * zero by default.
     *
     * This value changes when {approve} or {transferFrom} are called.
     */
    function allowance(address owner, address spender) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Sets `amount` as the allowance of `spender` over the caller's tokens.
     *
     * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: Beware that changing an allowance with this method brings the risk
     * that someone may use both the old and the new allowance by unfortunate
     * transaction ordering. One possible solution to mitigate this race
     * condition is to first reduce the spender's allowance to 0 and set the
     * desired value afterwards:
     * https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/20#issuecomment-263524729
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event.
     */
    function approve(address spender, uint256 amount) external returns (bool);

    /**
     * @dev Moves `amount` tokens from `sender` to `recipient` using the
     * allowance mechanism. `amount` is then deducted from the caller's
     * allowance.
     *
     * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function transferFrom(address sender, address recipient, uint256 amount) external returns (bool);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when `value` tokens are moved from one account (`from`) to
     * another (`to`).
     *
     * Note that `value` may be zero.
     */
    event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 value);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when the allowance of a `spender` for an `owner` is set by
     * a call to {approve}. `value` is the new allowance.
     */
    event Approval(address indexed owner, address indexed spender, uint256 value);
}

// File: @openzeppelin/contracts/utils/Address.sol

pragma solidity ^0.5.5;

/**
 * @dev Collection of functions related to the address type
 */
library Address {
    /**
     * @dev Returns true if `account` is a contract.
     *
     * This test is non-exhaustive, and there may be false-negatives: during the
     * execution of a contract's constructor, its address will be reported as
     * not containing a contract.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: It is unsafe to assume that an address for which this
     * function returns false is an externally-owned account (EOA) and not a
     * contract.
     */
    function isContract(address account) internal view returns (bool) {
        // This method relies in extcodesize, which returns 0 for contracts in
        // construction, since the code is only stored at the end of the
        // constructor execution.

        // According to EIP-1052, 0x0 is the value returned for not-yet created accounts
        // and 0xc5d2460186f7233c927e7db2dcc703c0e500b653ca82273b7bfad8045d85a470 is returned
        // for accounts without code, i.e. `keccak256('')`
        bytes32 codehash;
        bytes32 accountHash = 0xc5d2460186f7233c927e7db2dcc703c0e500b653ca82273b7bfad8045d85a470;
        // solhint-disable-next-line no-inline-assembly
        assembly {codehash := extcodehash(account)}
        return (codehash != 0x0 && codehash != accountHash);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Converts an `address` into `address payable`. Note that this is
     * simply a type cast: the actual underlying value is not changed.
     *
     * _Available since v2.4.0._
     */
    function toPayable(address account) internal pure returns (address payable) {
        return address(uint160(account));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Replacement for Solidity's `transfer`: sends `amount` wei to
     * `recipient`, forwarding all available gas and reverting on errors.
     *
     * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1884[EIP1884] increases the gas cost
     * of certain opcodes, possibly making contracts go over the 2300 gas limit
     * imposed by `transfer`, making them unable to receive funds via
     * `transfer`. {sendValue} removes this limitation.
     *
     * https://diligence.consensys.net/posts/2019/09/stop-using-soliditys-transfer-now/[Learn more].
     *
     * IMPORTANT: because control is transferred to `recipient`, care must be
     * taken to not create reentrancy vulnerabilities. Consider using
     * {ReentrancyGuard} or the
     * https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/v0.5.11/security-considerations.html#use-the-checks-effects-interactions-pattern[checks-effects-interactions pattern].
     *
     * _Available since v2.4.0._
     */
    function sendValue(address payable recipient, uint256 amount) internal {
        require(address(this).balance >= amount, "Address: insufficient balance");

        // solhint-disable-next-line avoid-call-value
        (bool success,) = recipient.call.value(amount)("");
        require(success, "Address: unable to send value, recipient may have reverted");
    }
}

// File: @openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/SafeERC20.sol

pragma solidity ^0.5.0;




/**
 * @title SafeERC20
 * @dev Wrappers around ERC20 operations that throw on failure (when the token
 * contract returns false). Tokens that return no value (and instead revert or
 * throw on failure) are also supported, non-reverting calls are assumed to be
 * successful.
 * To use this library you can add a `using SafeERC20 for ERC20;` statement to your contract,
 * which allows you to call the safe operations as `token.safeTransfer(...)`, etc.
 */
library SafeERC20 {
    using SafeMath for uint256;
    using Address for address;

    function safeTransfer(IERC20 token, address to, uint256 value) internal {
        callOptionalReturn(token, abi.encodeWithSelector(token.transfer.selector, to, value));
    }

    function safeTransferFrom(IERC20 token, address from, address to, uint256 value) internal {
        callOptionalReturn(token, abi.encodeWithSelector(token.transferFrom.selector, from, to, value));
    }

    function safeApprove(IERC20 token, address spender, uint256 value) internal {
        // safeApprove should only be called when setting an initial allowance,
        // or when resetting it to zero. To increase and decrease it, use
        // 'safeIncreaseAllowance' and 'safeDecreaseAllowance'
        // solhint-disable-next-line max-line-length
        require((value == 0) || (token.allowance(address(this), spender) == 0),
            "SafeERC20: approve from non-zero to non-zero allowance"
        );
        callOptionalReturn(token, abi.encodeWithSelector(token.approve.selector, spender, value));
    }

    function safeIncreaseAllowance(IERC20 token, address spender, uint256 value) internal {
        uint256 newAllowance = token.allowance(address(this), spender).add(value);
        callOptionalReturn(token, abi.encodeWithSelector(token.approve.selector, spender, newAllowance));
    }

    function safeDecreaseAllowance(IERC20 token, address spender, uint256 value) internal {
        uint256 newAllowance = token.allowance(address(this), spender).sub(value, "SafeERC20: decreased allowance below zero");
        callOptionalReturn(token, abi.encodeWithSelector(token.approve.selector, spender, newAllowance));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Imitates a Solidity high-level call (i.e. a regular function call to a contract), relaxing the requirement
     * on the return value: the return value is optional (but if data is returned, it must not be false).
     * @param token The token targeted by the call.
     * @param data The call data (encoded using abi.encode or one of its variants).
     */
    function callOptionalReturn(IERC20 token, bytes memory data) private {
        // We need to perform a low level call here, to bypass Solidity's return data size checking mechanism, since
        // we're implementing it ourselves.

        // A Solidity high level call has three parts:
        //  1. The target address is checked to verify it contains contract code
        //  2. The call itself is made, and success asserted
        //  3. The return value is decoded, which in turn checks the size of the returned data.
        // solhint-disable-next-line max-line-length
        require(address(token).isContract(), "SafeERC20: call to non-contract");

        // solhint-disable-next-line avoid-low-level-calls
        (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = address(token).call(data);
        require(success, "SafeERC20: low-level call failed");

        if (returndata.length > 0) {// Return data is optional
            // solhint-disable-next-line max-line-length
            require(abi.decode(returndata, (bool)), "SafeERC20: ERC20 operation did not succeed");
        }
    }
}

// File: contracts/IRewardDistributionRecipient.sol

pragma solidity ^0.5.0;


contract IRewardDistributionRecipient is Ownable {
    address public rewardReferral;
    address public rewardVote;

    function notifyRewardAmount(uint256 reward) external;

    function setRewardReferral(address _rewardReferral) external onlyOwner {
        rewardReferral = _rewardReferral;
    }

    function setRewardVote(address _rewardVote) external onlyOwner {
        rewardVote = _rewardVote;
    }
}

// File: contracts/CurveRewards.sol

pragma solidity ^0.5.0;


contract LPTokenWrapper {
    using SafeMath for uint256;
    using SafeERC20 for IERC20;
    using Address for address;

    IERC20 public y = IERC20(0x2d3137C828963918fa8E54c5977Dd7293fb57e2e);

    uint256 private _totalSupply;
    mapping(address => uint256) private _balances;

    function totalSupply() public view returns (uint256) {
        return _totalSupply;
    }

    function balanceOf(address account) public view returns (uint256) {
        return _balances[account];
    }

    function tokenStake(uint256 amount) internal {
        _totalSupply = _totalSupply.add(amount);
        _balances[msg.sender] = _balances[msg.sender].add(amount);
        y.safeTransferFrom(msg.sender, address(this), amount);
    }

    function tokenWithdraw(uint256 amount) internal {
        _totalSupply = _totalSupply.sub(amount);
        _balances[msg.sender] = _balances[msg.sender].sub(amount);
        y.safeTransfer(msg.sender, amount);
    }
}

interface IYFVReferral {
    function setReferrer(address farmer, address referrer) external;
    function getReferrer(address farmer) external view returns (address);
}

interface IYFVVote {
    function averageVotingValue(address poolAddress, uint256 votingItem) external view returns (uint16);
}

interface IYFVStake {
    function stakeOnBehalf(address stakeFor, uint256 amount) external;
}

contract YFVRewardsYCrvUNIv2Pool is LPTokenWrapper, IRewardDistributionRecipient {
    IERC20 public yfv = IERC20(0x45f24BaEef268BB6d63AEe5129015d69702BCDfa);
    IERC20 public vUSD = IERC20(0x1B8E12F839BD4e73A47adDF76cF7F0097d74c14C);
    IERC20 public vETH = IERC20(0x76A034e76Aa835363056dd418611E4f81870f16e);

    uint256 public vUSD_REWARD_FRACTION_RATE = 21000000000; // 21 * 1e9 (vUSD decimals = 9)
    uint256 public vETH_REWARD_FRACTION_RATE = 21000000000000; // 21000 * 1e9 (vETH decimals = 9)

    uint256 public constant DURATION = 7 days;
    uint8 public constant NUMBER_EPOCHS = 10;

    uint256 public constant REFERRAL_COMMISSION_PERCENT = 1;

    uint256 public constant EPOCH_REWARD = 525000 ether;
    uint256 public constant TOTAL_REWARD = EPOCH_REWARD * NUMBER_EPOCHS;

    uint256 public currentEpochReward = EPOCH_REWARD;
    uint256 public totalAccumulatedReward = 0;
    uint8 public currentEpoch = 0;
    uint256 public starttime = 1598191200; // Sunday, August 23, 2020 2:00:00 PM (GMT+0)
    uint256 public periodFinish = 0;
    uint256 public rewardRate = 0;
    uint256 public lastUpdateTime;
    uint256 public rewardPerTokenStored;
    mapping(address => uint256) public userRewardPerTokenPaid;
    mapping(address => uint256) public rewards;
    mapping(address => bool) public claimedVETHRewards; // account -> has claimed vETH?

    mapping(address => uint256) public accumulatedStakingPower; // will accumulate every time staker does getReward()

    address public rewardStake;

    event RewardAdded(uint256 reward);
    event Burned(uint256 reward);
    event Staked(address indexed user, uint256 amount);
    event Withdrawn(address indexed user, uint256 amount);
    event RewardPaid(address indexed user, uint256 reward);
    event CommissionPaid(address indexed user, uint256 reward);

    modifier updateReward(address account) {
        rewardPerTokenStored = rewardPerToken();
        lastUpdateTime = lastTimeRewardApplicable();
        if (account != address(0)) {
            rewards[account] = earned(account);
            userRewardPerTokenPaid[account] = rewardPerTokenStored;
        }
        _;
    }

    function lastTimeRewardApplicable() public view returns (uint256) {
        return Math.min(block.timestamp, periodFinish);
    }

    function rewardPerToken() public view returns (uint256) {
        if (totalSupply() == 0) {
            return rewardPerTokenStored;
        }
        return
        rewardPerTokenStored.add(
            lastTimeRewardApplicable()
            .sub(lastUpdateTime)
            .mul(rewardRate)
            .mul(1e18)
            .div(totalSupply())
        );
    }

    function earned(address account) public view returns (uint256) {
        uint256 calculatedEarned = balanceOf(account)
            .mul(rewardPerToken().sub(userRewardPerTokenPaid[account]))
            .div(1e18)
            .add(rewards[account]);
        uint256 poolBalance = yfv.balanceOf(address(this));
        // some rare case the reward can be slightly bigger than real number, we need to check against how much we have left in pool
        if (calculatedEarned > poolBalance) return poolBalance;
        return calculatedEarned;
    }

    function stakingPower(address account) public view returns (uint256) {
        return accumulatedStakingPower[account].add(earned(account));
    }

    function vUSDBalance(address account) public view returns (uint256) {
        return earned(account).div(vUSD_REWARD_FRACTION_RATE);
    }

    function vETHBalance(address account) public view returns (uint256) {
        return stakingPower(account).div(vETH_REWARD_FRACTION_RATE);
    }

    function claimVETHReward() public {
        require(rewardRate == 0, "vETH could be claimed only after the pool ends.");
        uint256 claimAmount = vETHBalance(msg.sender);
        require(claimAmount > 0, "You have no vETH to claim");
        require(!claimedVETHRewards[msg.sender], "You have claimed all pending vETH.");
        claimedVETHRewards[msg.sender] = true;
        vETH.safeTransfer(msg.sender, claimAmount);
    }

    function setRewardStake(address _rewardStake) external onlyOwner {
        rewardStake = _rewardStake;
        yfv.approve(rewardStake, 0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff);
    }

    function stake(uint256 amount, address referrer) public updateReward(msg.sender) checkNextEpoch checkStart {
        require(amount > 0, "Cannot stake 0");
        require(referrer != msg.sender, "You cannot refer yourself.");
        super.tokenStake(amount);
        emit Staked(msg.sender, amount);
        if (rewardReferral != address(0) && referrer != address(0)) {
            IYFVReferral(rewardReferral).setReferrer(msg.sender, referrer);
        }
    }

    function stakeReward() public updateReward(msg.sender) checkNextEpoch checkStart {
        require(rewardStake != address(0), "Dont know the staking pool");
        uint256 reward = getReward();
        yfv.safeTransferFrom(msg.sender, address(this), reward);
        require(reward > 1, "Earned too little");
        IYFVStake(rewardStake).stakeOnBehalf(msg.sender, reward);
    }

    function withdraw(uint256 amount) public updateReward(msg.sender) checkNextEpoch checkStart {
        require(amount > 0, "Cannot withdraw 0");
        super.tokenWithdraw(amount);
        emit Withdrawn(msg.sender, amount);
    }

    function exit() external {
        withdraw(balanceOf(msg.sender));
        getReward();
    }

    function getReward() public updateReward(msg.sender) checkNextEpoch checkStart returns (uint256) {
        uint256 reward = earned(msg.sender);
        if (reward > 1) {
            accumulatedStakingPower[msg.sender] = accumulatedStakingPower[msg.sender].add(rewards[msg.sender]);
            rewards[msg.sender] = 0;

            uint256 actualPaid = reward.mul(100 - REFERRAL_COMMISSION_PERCENT).div(100); // 99%
            uint256 commission = reward - actualPaid; // 1%

            yfv.safeTransfer(msg.sender, actualPaid);
            emit RewardPaid(msg.sender, actualPaid);

            address referrer = address(0);
            if (rewardReferral != address(0)) {
                referrer = IYFVReferral(rewardReferral).getReferrer(msg.sender);
            }
            if (referrer != address(0)) { // send commission to referrer
                yfv.safeTransfer(referrer, commission);
                emit RewardPaid(msg.sender, commission);
            } else {// or burn
                yfv.burn(commission);
                emit Burned(commission);
            }

            vUSD.safeTransfer(msg.sender, reward.div(vUSD_REWARD_FRACTION_RATE));
            return actualPaid;
        }
        return 0;
    }

    function nextRewardMultiplier() public view returns (uint16) {
        if (rewardVote != address(0)) {
            uint16 votingValue = IYFVVote(rewardVote).averageVotingValue(address(this), periodFinish);
            if (votingValue > 0) return votingValue;
        }
        return 100;
    }

    modifier checkNextEpoch() {
        if (block.timestamp >= periodFinish) {
            uint16 rewardMultiplier = nextRewardMultiplier(); // 50% -> 200% (by vote)
            currentEpochReward = EPOCH_REWARD.mul(rewardMultiplier).div(100); // x0.50 -> x2.00 (by vote)

            if (totalAccumulatedReward.add(currentEpochReward) > TOTAL_REWARD) {
                currentEpochReward = TOTAL_REWARD.sub(totalAccumulatedReward); // limit total reward
            }

            if (currentEpochReward > 0) {
                yfv.mint(address(this), currentEpochReward);
                vUSD.mint(address(this), currentEpochReward.div(vUSD_REWARD_FRACTION_RATE));
                vETH.mint(address(this), currentEpochReward.div(vETH_REWARD_FRACTION_RATE));
                totalAccumulatedReward = totalAccumulatedReward.add(currentEpochReward);
                currentEpoch++;
            }

            rewardRate = currentEpochReward.div(DURATION);
            lastUpdateTime = block.timestamp;
            periodFinish = block.timestamp.add(DURATION);
            emit RewardAdded(currentEpochReward);
        }
        _;
    }

    modifier checkStart() {
        require(block.timestamp > starttime, "not start");
        _;
    }

    function notifyRewardAmount(uint256 reward) external onlyOwner updateReward(address(0)) {
        require(periodFinish == 0, "Only can call once to start staking");
        currentEpochReward = reward;

        if (totalAccumulatedReward.add(currentEpochReward) > TOTAL_REWARD) {
            currentEpochReward = TOTAL_REWARD.sub(totalAccumulatedReward); // limit total reward
        }

        rewardRate = currentEpochReward.div(DURATION);
        yfv.mint(address(this), currentEpochReward);
        vUSD.mint(address(this), currentEpochReward.div(vUSD_REWARD_FRACTION_RATE));
        vETH.mint(address(this), currentEpochReward.div(vETH_REWARD_FRACTION_RATE));
        totalAccumulatedReward = totalAccumulatedReward.add(currentEpochReward);
        currentEpoch++;
        lastUpdateTime = block.timestamp;
        periodFinish = block.timestamp.add(DURATION);
        emit RewardAdded(currentEpochReward);
    }
}

pragma solidity ^0.5.16;

interface IERC20 {
    function totalSupply() external view returns (uint);
    function balanceOf(address account) external view returns (uint);
    function transfer(address recipient, uint amount) external returns (bool);
    function allowance(address owner, address spender) external view returns (uint);
    function approve(address spender, uint amount) external returns (bool);
    function transferFrom(address sender, address recipient, uint amount) external returns (bool);
    event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint value);
    event Approval(address indexed owner, address indexed spender, uint value);
}

contract Context {
    constructor () internal { }
    // solhint-disable-previous-line no-empty-blocks

    function _msgSender() internal view returns (address payable) {
        return msg.sender;
    }
}

contract ERC20 is Context, IERC20 {
    using SafeMath for uint;

    mapping (address => uint) private _balances;

    mapping (address => mapping (address => uint)) private _allowances;

    uint private _totalSupply;
    function totalSupply() public view returns (uint) {
        return _totalSupply;
    }
    function balanceOf(address account) public view returns (uint) {
        return _balances[account];
    }
    function transfer(address recipient, uint amount) public returns (bool) {
        _transfer(_msgSender(), recipient, amount);
        return true;
    }
    function allowance(address owner, address spender) public view returns (uint) {
        return _allowances[owner][spender];
    }
    function approve(address spender, uint amount) public returns (bool) {
        _approve(_msgSender(), spender, amount);
        return true;
    }
    function transferFrom(address sender, address recipient, uint amount) public returns (bool) {
        _transfer(sender, recipient, amount);
        _approve(sender, _msgSender(), _allowances[sender][_msgSender()].sub(amount, "ERC20: transfer amount exceeds allowance"));
        return true;
    }
    function increaseAllowance(address spender, uint addedValue) public returns (bool) {
        _approve(_msgSender(), spender, _allowances[_msgSender()][spender].add(addedValue));
        return true;
    }
    function decreaseAllowance(address spender, uint subtractedValue) public returns (bool) {
        _approve(_msgSender(), spender, _allowances[_msgSender()][spender].sub(subtractedValue, "ERC20: decreased allowance below zero"));
        return true;
    }
    function _transfer(address sender, address recipient, uint amount) internal {
        require(sender != address(0), "ERC20: transfer from the zero address");
        require(recipient != address(0), "ERC20: transfer to the zero address");

        _balances[sender] = _balances[sender].sub(amount, "ERC20: transfer amount exceeds balance");
        _balances[recipient] = _balances[recipient].add(amount);
        emit Transfer(sender, recipient, amount);
    }
    function _mint(address account, uint amount) internal {
        require(account != address(0), "ERC20: mint to the zero address");

        _totalSupply = _totalSupply.add(amount);
        _balances[account] = _balances[account].add(amount);
        emit Transfer(address(0), account, amount);
    }
    function _burn(address account, uint amount) internal {
        require(account != address(0), "ERC20: burn from the zero address");

        _balances[account] = _balances[account].sub(amount, "ERC20: burn amount exceeds balance");
        _totalSupply = _totalSupply.sub(amount);
        emit Transfer(account, address(0), amount);
    }
    function _approve(address owner, address spender, uint amount) internal {
        require(owner != address(0), "ERC20: approve from the zero address");
        require(spender != address(0), "ERC20: approve to the zero address");

        _allowances[owner][spender] = amount;
        emit Approval(owner, spender, amount);
    }
}

contract ERC20Detailed is IERC20 {
    string private _name;
    string private _symbol;
    uint8 private _decimals;

    constructor (string memory name, string memory symbol, uint8 decimals) public {
        _name = name;
        _symbol = symbol;
        _decimals = decimals;
    }
    function name() public view returns (string memory) {
        return _name;
    }
    function symbol() public view returns (string memory) {
        return _symbol;
    }
    function decimals() public view returns (uint8) {
        return _decimals;
    }
}

library SafeMath {
    function add(uint a, uint b) internal pure returns (uint) {
        uint c = a + b;
        require(c >= a, "SafeMath: addition overflow");

        return c;
    }
    function sub(uint a, uint b) internal pure returns (uint) {
        return sub(a, b, "SafeMath: subtraction overflow");
    }
    function sub(uint a, uint b, string memory errorMessage) internal pure returns (uint) {
        require(b <= a, errorMessage);
        uint c = a - b;

        return c;
    }
    function mul(uint a, uint b) internal pure returns (uint) {
        if (a == 0) {
            return 0;
        }

        uint c = a * b;
        require(c / a == b, "SafeMath: multiplication overflow");

        return c;
    }
    function div(uint a, uint b) internal pure returns (uint) {
        return div(a, b, "SafeMath: division by zero");
    }
    function div(uint a, uint b, string memory errorMessage) internal pure returns (uint) {
        // Solidity only automatically asserts when dividing by 0
        require(b > 0, errorMessage);
        uint c = a / b;

        return c;
    }
}

library Address {
    function isContract(address account) internal view returns (bool) {
        bytes32 codehash;
        bytes32 accountHash = 0xc5d2460186f7233c927e7db2dcc703c0e500b653ca82273b7bfad8045d85a470;
        // solhint-disable-next-line no-inline-assembly
        assembly { codehash := extcodehash(account) }
        return (codehash != 0x0 && codehash != accountHash);
    }
}

library SafeERC20 {
    using SafeMath for uint;
    using Address for address;

    function safeTransfer(IERC20 token, address to, uint value) internal {
        callOptionalReturn(token, abi.encodeWithSelector(token.transfer.selector, to, value));
    }

    function safeTransferFrom(IERC20 token, address from, address to, uint value) internal {
        callOptionalReturn(token, abi.encodeWithSelector(token.transferFrom.selector, from, to, value));
    }

    function safeApprove(IERC20 token, address spender, uint value) internal {
        require((value == 0) || (token.allowance(address(this), spender) == 0),
            "SafeERC20: approve from non-zero to non-zero allowance"
        );
        callOptionalReturn(token, abi.encodeWithSelector(token.approve.selector, spender, value));
    }
    function callOptionalReturn(IERC20 token, bytes memory data) private {
        require(address(token).isContract(), "SafeERC20: call to non-contract");

        // solhint-disable-next-line avoid-low-level-calls
        (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = address(token).call(data);
        require(success, "SafeERC20: low-level call failed");

        if (returndata.length > 0) { // Return data is optional
            // solhint-disable-next-line max-line-length
            require(abi.decode(returndata, (bool)), "SafeERC20: ERC20 operation did not succeed");
        }
    }
}

contract YFV is ERC20, ERC20Detailed {
    using SafeERC20 for IERC20;
    using Address for address;
    using SafeMath for uint;

    address public governance;
    mapping (address => bool) public minters;

    constructor () public ERC20Detailed("YFValue", "YFV", 18) {
        governance = msg.sender;
    }

    function mint(address account, uint256 amount) public {
        require(minters[msg.sender], "!minter");
        _mint(account, amount);
    }

    function burn(uint256 amount) public {
        _burn(msg.sender, amount);
    }

    function setGovernance(address _governance) public {
        require(msg.sender == governance, "!governance");
        governance = _governance;
    }

    function addMinter(address _minter) public {
        require(msg.sender == governance, "!governance");
        minters[_minter] = true;
    }

    function removeMinter(address _minter) public {
        require(msg.sender == governance, "!governance");
        minters[_minter] = false;
    }
}

// File: openzeppelin-eth/contracts/math/SafeMath.sol

pragma solidity ^0.5.0;


/**
 * @title SafeMath
 * @dev Math operations with safety checks that revert on error
 */
library SafeMath {

    /**
    * @dev Multiplies two numbers, reverts on overflow.
    */
    function mul(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        // Gas optimization: this is cheaper than requiring 'a' not being zero, but the
        // benefit is lost if 'b' is also tested.
        // See: https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-solidity/pull/522
        if (a == 0) {
            return 0;
        }

        uint256 c = a * b;
        require(c / a == b);

        return c;
    }

    /**
    * @dev Integer division of two numbers truncating the quotient, reverts on division by zero.
    */
    function div(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        require(b > 0); // Solidity only automatically asserts when dividing by 0
        uint256 c = a / b;
        // assert(a == b * c + a % b); // There is no case in which this doesn't hold

        return c;
    }

    /**
    * @dev Subtracts two numbers, reverts on overflow (i.e. if subtrahend is greater than minuend).
    */
    function sub(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        require(b <= a);
        uint256 c = a - b;

        return c;
    }

    /**
    * @dev Adds two numbers, reverts on overflow.
    */
    function add(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        uint256 c = a + b;
        require(c >= a);

        return c;
    }

    /**
    * @dev Divides two numbers and returns the remainder (unsigned integer modulo),
    * reverts when dividing by zero.
    */
    function mod(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        require(b != 0);
        return a % b;
    }
}

// File: zos-lib/contracts/Initializable.sol

pragma solidity >=0.5.0 <0.6.0;


/**
 * @title Initializable
 *
 * @dev Helper contract to support initializer functions. To use it, replace
 * the constructor with a function that has the `initializer` modifier.
 * WARNING: Unlike constructors, initializer functions must be manually
 * invoked. This applies both to deploying an Initializable contract, as well
 * as extending an Initializable contract via inheritance.
 * WARNING: When used with inheritance, manual care must be taken to not invoke
 * a parent initializer twice, or ensure that all initializers are idempotent,
 * because this is not dealt with automatically as with constructors.
 */
contract Initializable {

    /**
     * @dev Indicates that the contract has been initialized.
     */
    bool private initialized;

    /**
     * @dev Indicates that the contract is in the process of being initialized.
     */
    bool private initializing;

    /**
     * @dev Modifier to use in the initializer function of a contract.
     */
    modifier initializer() {
        require(initializing || isConstructor() || !initialized, "Contract instance has already been initialized");

        bool isTopLevelCall = !initializing;
        if (isTopLevelCall) {
            initializing = true;
            initialized = true;
        }

        _;

        if (isTopLevelCall) {
            initializing = false;
        }
    }

    /// @dev Returns true if and only if the function is running in the constructor
    function isConstructor() private view returns (bool) {
        // extcodesize checks the size of the code stored in an address, and
        // address returns the current address. Since the code is still not
        // deployed when running a constructor, any checks on its code size will
        // yield zero, making it an effective way to detect if a contract is
        // under construction or not.
        uint256 cs;
        assembly { cs := extcodesize(address) }
        return cs == 0;
    }

    // Reserved storage space to allow for layout changes in the future.
    uint256[50] private ______gap;
}

// File: openzeppelin-eth/contracts/ownership/Ownable.sol

pragma solidity ^0.5.0;


/**
 * @title Ownable
 * @dev The Ownable contract has an owner address, and provides basic authorization control
 * functions, this simplifies the implementation of "user permissions".
 */
contract Ownable is Initializable {
    address private _owner;


    event OwnershipRenounced(address indexed previousOwner);
    event OwnershipTransferred(
        address indexed previousOwner,
        address indexed newOwner
    );


    /**
     * @dev The Ownable constructor sets the original `owner` of the contract to the sender
     * account.
     */
    function initialize(address sender) public initializer {
        _owner = sender;
    }

    /**
     * @return the address of the owner.
     */
    function owner() public view returns(address) {
        return _owner;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Throws if called by any account other than the owner.
     */
    modifier onlyOwner() {
        require(isOwner());
        _;
    }

    /**
     * @return true if `msg.sender` is the owner of the contract.
     */
    function isOwner() public view returns(bool) {
        return msg.sender == _owner;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Allows the current owner to relinquish control of the contract.
     * @notice Renouncing to ownership will leave the contract without an owner.
     * It will not be possible to call the functions with the `onlyOwner`
     * modifier anymore.
     */
    function renounceOwnership() public onlyOwner {
        emit OwnershipRenounced(_owner);
        _owner = address(0);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Allows the current owner to transfer control of the contract to a newOwner.
     * @param newOwner The address to transfer ownership to.
     */
    function transferOwnership(address newOwner) public onlyOwner {
        _transferOwnership(newOwner);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Transfers control of the contract to a newOwner.
     * @param newOwner The address to transfer ownership to.
     */
    function _transferOwnership(address newOwner) internal {
        require(newOwner != address(0));
        emit OwnershipTransferred(_owner, newOwner);
        _owner = newOwner;
    }

    uint256[50] private ______gap;
}

// File: openzeppelin-eth/contracts/token/ERC20/IERC20.sol

pragma solidity ^0.5.0;


/**
 * @title ERC20 interface
 * @dev see https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/20
 */
interface IERC20 {
    function totalSupply() external view returns (uint256);

    function balanceOf(address who) external view returns (uint256);

    function allowance(address owner, address spender)
    external view returns (uint256);

    function transfer(address to, uint256 value) external returns (bool);

    function approve(address spender, uint256 value)
    external returns (bool);

    function transferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 value)
    external returns (bool);

    event Transfer(
        address indexed from,
        address indexed to,
        uint256 value
    );

    event Approval(
        address indexed owner,
        address indexed spender,
        uint256 value
    );
}

// File: openzeppelin-eth/contracts/token/ERC20/ERC20Detailed.sol

pragma solidity ^0.5.0;




/**
 * @title ERC20Detailed token
 * @dev The decimals are only for visualization purposes.
 * All the operations are done using the smallest and indivisible token unit,
 * just as on Ethereum all the operations are done in wei.
 */
contract ERC20Detailed is Initializable, IERC20 {
    string private _name;
    string private _symbol;
    uint8 private _decimals;

    function initialize(string memory name, string memory symbol, uint8 decimals) public initializer {
        _name = name;
        _symbol = symbol;
        _decimals = decimals;
    }

    /**
     * @return the name of the token.
     */
    function name() public view returns(string memory) {
        return _name;
    }

    /**
     * @return the symbol of the token.
     */
    function symbol() public view returns(string memory) {
        return _symbol;
    }

    /**
     * @return the number of decimals of the token.
     */
    function decimals() public view returns(uint8) {
        return _decimals;
    }

    uint256[50] private ______gap;
}

// File: uFragments/contracts/lib/SafeMathInt.sol

/*
MIT License

Copyright (c) 2018 requestnetwork
Copyright (c) 2018 Fragments, Inc.

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
SOFTWARE.
*/

pragma solidity ^0.5.0;


/**
 * @title SafeMathInt
 * @dev Math operations for int256 with overflow safety checks.
 */
library SafeMathInt {
    int256 private constant MIN_INT256 = int256(1) << 255;
    int256 private constant MAX_INT256 = ~(int256(1) << 255);

    /**
     * @dev Multiplies two int256 variables and fails on overflow.
     */
    function mul(int256 a, int256 b)
    internal
    pure
    returns (int256)
    {
        int256 c = a * b;

        // Detect overflow when multiplying MIN_INT256 with -1
        require(c != MIN_INT256 || (a & MIN_INT256) != (b & MIN_INT256));
        require((b == 0) || (c / b == a));
        return c;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Division of two int256 variables and fails on overflow.
     */
    function div(int256 a, int256 b)
    internal
    pure
    returns (int256)
    {
        // Prevent overflow when dividing MIN_INT256 by -1
        require(b != -1 || a != MIN_INT256);

        // Solidity already throws when dividing by 0.
        return a / b;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Subtracts two int256 variables and fails on overflow.
     */
    function sub(int256 a, int256 b)
    internal
    pure
    returns (int256)
    {
        int256 c = a - b;
        require((b >= 0 && c <= a) || (b < 0 && c > a));
        return c;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Adds two int256 variables and fails on overflow.
     */
    function add(int256 a, int256 b)
    internal
    pure
    returns (int256)
    {
        int256 c = a + b;
        require((b >= 0 && c >= a) || (b < 0 && c < a));
        return c;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Converts to absolute value, and fails on overflow.
     */
    function abs(int256 a)
    internal
    pure
    returns (int256)
    {
        require(a != MIN_INT256);
        return a < 0 ? -a : a;
    }
}

// File: uFragments/contracts/UFragments.sol

pragma solidity ^0.5.0;






/**
 * @title uFragments ERC20 token
 * @dev This is part of an implementation of the uFragments Ideal Money protocol.
 *      uFragments is a normal ERC20 token, but its supply can be adjusted by splitting and
 *      combining tokens proportionally across all wallets.
 *
 *      uFragment balances are internally represented with a hidden denomination, 'gons'.
 *      We support splitting the currency in expansion and combining the currency on contraction by
 *      changing the exchange rate between the hidden 'gons' and the public 'fragments'.
 */
contract vUSD is ERC20Detailed, Ownable {
    // PLEASE READ BEFORE CHANGING ANY ACCOUNTING OR MATH
    // Anytime there is division, there is a risk of numerical instability from rounding errors. In
    // order to minimize this risk, we adhere to the following guidelines:
    // 1) The conversion rate adopted is the number of gons that equals 1 fragment.
    //    The inverse rate must not be used--TOTAL_GONS is always the numerator and _totalSupply is
    //    always the denominator. (i.e. If you want to convert gons to fragments instead of
    //    multiplying by the inverse rate, you should divide by the normal rate)
    // 2) Gon balances converted into Fragments are always rounded down (truncated).
    //
    // We make the following guarantees:
    // - If address 'A' transfers x Fragments to address 'B'. A's resulting external balance will
    //   be decreased by precisely x Fragments, and B's external balance will be precisely
    //   increased by x Fragments.
    //
    // We do not guarantee that the sum of all balances equals the result of calling totalSupply().
    // This is because, for any conversion function 'f()' that has non-zero rounding error,
    // f(x0) + f(x1) + ... + f(xn) is not always equal to f(x0 + x1 + ... xn).
    using SafeMath for uint256;
    using SafeMathInt for int256;

    event LogRebase(uint256 indexed epoch, uint256 totalSupply);
    event LogMonetaryPolicyUpdated(address monetaryPolicy);

    // Used for authentication
    address public monetaryPolicy;

    modifier onlyMonetaryPolicy() {
        require(msg.sender == monetaryPolicy);
        _;
    }

    bool private rebasePausedDeprecated;
    bool private tokenPausedDeprecated;

    modifier validRecipient(address to) {
        require(to != address(0x0));
        require(to != address(this));
        _;
    }

    uint256 private constant DECIMALS = 9;
    uint256 private constant MAX_UINT256 = ~uint256(0);
    uint256 private constant INITIAL_FRAGMENTS_SUPPLY = 10 * 10**6 * 10**DECIMALS; // 10 million (locked in this base contract)

    // TOTAL_GONS is a multiple of INITIAL_FRAGMENTS_SUPPLY so that _gonsPerFragment is an integer.
    // Use the highest value that fits in a uint256 for max granularity.
    uint256 private constant TOTAL_GONS = MAX_UINT256 - (MAX_UINT256 % INITIAL_FRAGMENTS_SUPPLY);

    // MAX_SUPPLY = maximum integer < (sqrt(4*TOTAL_GONS + 1) - 1) / 2
    uint256 private constant MAX_SUPPLY = ~uint128(0);  // (2^128) - 1

    uint256 private _totalSupply;
    uint256 private _gonsPerFragment;
    mapping(address => uint256) private _gonBalances;

    // This is denominated in Fragments, because the gons-fragments conversion might change before
    // it's fully paid.
    mapping (address => mapping (address => uint256)) private _allowedFragments;

    mapping (address => bool) public minters;

    function addMinter(address _minter) public onlyOwner {
        minters[_minter] = true;
    }

    function removeMinter(address _minter) public onlyOwner {
        minters[_minter] = false;
    }

    function mint(address account, uint amount) public {
        require(minters[msg.sender], "!minter");
        require(account != address(0x0), "ERC20: mint to the zero address");
        uint256 gonValue = amount.mul(_gonsPerFragment);
        _totalSupply = _totalSupply.add(amount);
        _gonBalances[account] = _gonBalances[account].add(gonValue);
        emit Transfer(address(0x0), account, amount);
    }

    function burn(uint amount) public {
        require(msg.sender != address(0x0), "ERC20: burn from the zero address");
        uint256 gonValue = amount.mul(_gonsPerFragment);
        _gonBalances[msg.sender] = _gonBalances[msg.sender].sub(gonValue);
        _totalSupply = _totalSupply.sub(amount);
        emit Transfer(address(0x0), msg.sender, amount);
    }

    /**
     * @param monetaryPolicy_ The address of the monetary policy contract to use for authentication.
     */
    function setMonetaryPolicy(address monetaryPolicy_)
    external
    onlyOwner
    {
        monetaryPolicy = monetaryPolicy_;
        emit LogMonetaryPolicyUpdated(monetaryPolicy_);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Notifies Fragments contract about a new rebase cycle.
     * @param supplyDelta The number of new fragment tokens to add into circulation via expansion.
     * @return The total number of fragments after the supply adjustment.
     */
    function rebase(uint256 epoch, int256 supplyDelta)
    external
    onlyMonetaryPolicy
    returns (uint256)
    {
        if (supplyDelta == 0) {
            emit LogRebase(epoch, _totalSupply);
            return _totalSupply;
        }

        if (supplyDelta < 0) {
            _totalSupply = _totalSupply.sub(uint256(supplyDelta.abs()));
        } else {
            _totalSupply = _totalSupply.add(uint256(supplyDelta));
        }

        if (_totalSupply > MAX_SUPPLY) {
            _totalSupply = MAX_SUPPLY;
        }

        _gonsPerFragment = TOTAL_GONS.div(_totalSupply);

        // From this point forward, _gonsPerFragment is taken as the source of truth.
        // We recalculate a new _totalSupply to be in agreement with the _gonsPerFragment
        // conversion rate.
        // This means our applied supplyDelta can deviate from the requested supplyDelta,
        // but this deviation is guaranteed to be < (_totalSupply^2)/(TOTAL_GONS - _totalSupply).
        //
        // In the case of _totalSupply <= MAX_UINT128 (our current supply cap), this
        // deviation is guaranteed to be < 1, so we can omit this step. If the supply cap is
        // ever increased, it must be re-included.
        // _totalSupply = TOTAL_GONS.div(_gonsPerFragment)

        emit LogRebase(epoch, _totalSupply);
        return _totalSupply;
    }

    function initialize(address owner_)
    public
    initializer
    {
        ERC20Detailed.initialize("Value USD", "vUSD", uint8(DECIMALS));
        Ownable.initialize(owner_);

        rebasePausedDeprecated = false;
        tokenPausedDeprecated = false;

        _totalSupply = INITIAL_FRAGMENTS_SUPPLY;
        _gonBalances[address(this)] = TOTAL_GONS;
        _gonsPerFragment = TOTAL_GONS.div(_totalSupply);

        emit Transfer(address(0x0), owner_, _totalSupply);
    }

    /**
     * @return The total number of fragments.
     */
    function totalSupply()
    public
    view
    returns (uint256)
    {
        return _totalSupply;
    }

    /**
     * @param who The address to query.
     * @return The balance of the specified address.
     */
    function balanceOf(address who)
    public
    view
    returns (uint256)
    {
        return _gonBalances[who].div(_gonsPerFragment);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Transfer tokens to a specified address.
     * @param to The address to transfer to.
     * @param value The amount to be transferred.
     * @return True on success, false otherwise.
     */
    function transfer(address to, uint256 value)
    public
    validRecipient(to)
    returns (bool)
    {
        uint256 gonValue = value.mul(_gonsPerFragment);
        _gonBalances[msg.sender] = _gonBalances[msg.sender].sub(gonValue);
        _gonBalances[to] = _gonBalances[to].add(gonValue);
        emit Transfer(msg.sender, to, value);
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Function to check the amount of tokens that an owner has allowed to a spender.
     * @param owner_ The address which owns the funds.
     * @param spender The address which will spend the funds.
     * @return The number of tokens still available for the spender.
     */
    function allowance(address owner_, address spender)
    public
    view
    returns (uint256)
    {
        return _allowedFragments[owner_][spender];
    }

    /**
     * @dev Transfer tokens from one address to another.
     * @param from The address you want to send tokens from.
     * @param to The address you want to transfer to.
     * @param value The amount of tokens to be transferred.
     */
    function transferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 value)
    public
    validRecipient(to)
    returns (bool)
    {
        _allowedFragments[from][msg.sender] = _allowedFragments[from][msg.sender].sub(value);

        uint256 gonValue = value.mul(_gonsPerFragment);
        _gonBalances[from] = _gonBalances[from].sub(gonValue);
        _gonBalances[to] = _gonBalances[to].add(gonValue);
        emit Transfer(from, to, value);

        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Approve the passed address to spend the specified amount of tokens on behalf of
     * msg.sender. This method is included for ERC20 compatibility.
     * increaseAllowance and decreaseAllowance should be used instead.
     * Changing an allowance with this method brings the risk that someone may transfer both
     * the old and the new allowance - if they are both greater than zero - if a transfer
     * transaction is mined before the later approve() call is mined.
     *
     * @param spender The address which will spend the funds.
     * @param value The amount of tokens to be spent.
     */
    function approve(address spender, uint256 value)
    public
    returns (bool)
    {
        _allowedFragments[msg.sender][spender] = value;
        emit Approval(msg.sender, spender, value);
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Increase the amount of tokens that an owner has allowed to a spender.
     * This method should be used instead of approve() to avoid the double approval vulnerability
     * described above.
     * @param spender The address which will spend the funds.
     * @param addedValue The amount of tokens to increase the allowance by.
     */
    function increaseAllowance(address spender, uint256 addedValue)
    public
    returns (bool)
    {
        _allowedFragments[msg.sender][spender] =
        _allowedFragments[msg.sender][spender].add(addedValue);
        emit Approval(msg.sender, spender, _allowedFragments[msg.sender][spender]);
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Decrease the amount of tokens that an owner has allowed to a spender.
     *
     * @param spender The address which will spend the funds.
     * @param subtractedValue The amount of tokens to decrease the allowance by.
     */
    function decreaseAllowance(address spender, uint256 subtractedValue)
    public
    returns (bool)
    {
        uint256 oldValue = _allowedFragments[msg.sender][spender];
        if (subtractedValue >= oldValue) {
            _allowedFragments[msg.sender][spender] = 0;
        } else {
            _allowedFragments[msg.sender][spender] = oldValue.sub(subtractedValue);
        }
        emit Approval(msg.sender, spender, _allowedFragments[msg.sender][spender]);
        return true;
    }
}